Kinalaknga
Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute
Situation
Kinalaknga (Kinalakna) is spoken by approximately 220 people (1975) living in a single village of the same name in Papua New Guinea's Morobe province (Hooley and McElhanon 1970: 1071m McElhanon 1975: 534 , 1984: 23, Suter 2018: 7, q.v. p. 4.)
Sources
[under construction]
McElhanon and Voorhoeve (1970) 67 Trans New Guinea comparisons include examples from Kinalakna
McElhanon (2012) 778 comparative terms for Kinalaknga
Suter (2018) …
Phonology
[under construction]
…
Pronouns
Suter (2018: 299 after McElhanon n,d,) gives personal pronouns for Kinalaknga in five case forms as follows (morpheme separations ours):
| basic | ergative | genitive | possessive | emphatic | |
| 1 sg. | no | no-ŋo | noŋ-got | -ni | noŋ-got-ni |
| 2 sg. | go | go-ŋo | go-ɣot | -ŋgo | go-got-gi |
| 3 sg. | jok | joɣ-o | jo-kot | -o ~ -jo | jok-io |
| 1 pl. | nun | nen-o | nen-kot | -nen-o | ? |
| 2 pl. | ek | eɣ-o | e-kot | -eɣ-o | ? |
| 3 pl. | ek | eɣ-o | e-kot | -eɣ-o | ? |
| 1 dl. | net | ner-o | net-kot | -ner-o | ? |
| 2 dl. | et | er-o | et-kot | -er-o | ? |
| 3 dl. | et | er-o | et-kot | -er-o | ? |
The first and person singular emphatics are formed by the suffixation of the genitive, in the first person by the possessive and in the second by what was probably the original possessive. The third person singular emphatic is formed by the suffixiation of the possessive to the base.
Verbal morphology
Suter (2018: 322-323 after McElhanon n.d.) gives Kinalaknga subject desinences for five tenses/aspects/moods as follows, the sequential aspect being found on different-subject medial verbs. Second and third persons are distinguished from one another only in singulars. (morpheme separations ours):
| past | present | habitual | imperative | sequential | |
| 1 sg. | -mban | -wan | -man-an | -mbo | -ala |
| 2 sg. | -on | -dzan | -ma-jan | -non | -no |
| 3 sg. | -op | -dzap | -ma-jap | -ok | -o |
| 1 pl. | -wen | -mbon-en | -man-en | -no | -wen-o |
| 2/3 pl. | -weŋ | -mbon-eŋ | -man-eŋ | -ŋek | -ŋeg-o |
| 1 dl. | -wet | -mbon-et | -man-et | -ndo | -wer-o |
| 2/3 dl. | -et | -mbon-et | -man-et | -et | -wor-o |