Mbahaam-Iha

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

Publication


Timothy Usher and Antoinette Schapper 2018. “The lexicons of the Papuan languages of the Onin Peninsula and their influences” NUSA 64: 39-63.

Situation

[under construction]

The Mbahaam-Iha family is composed of two languages, Mbahaam (Bahaam, Baham, Mbahám) and Iha, spoken … Onin peninsula in the northwestern portion of the larger Bomberai peninsula … Fakfak regency of Indonesia's West Papua Province. …enclave in the Kaimana regency …

Subclassification

The internal classification of Mbahaam-Iha is as follows:

Mbahaam-Iha

Mbahaam

Iha

Sources

[under construction]

Robidé van der Aa (1879: 342-347) … comparative terms for Kapauer

Bastian (1885) …

le Cocq d'Armandville (1903) Kapaur (unobtained)

Meyer (1908) Kapaur (unobtained)

Coenen (1953) grammar of Ihandin (unobtained)

Galis (1955) comparative vocabularies for Kapaur and Báham

Anceaux (1956) (unobtained)

Anceaux (1958) … comparative terms for …

Smits and Voorhoeve (1998: 22-233) comparative vocabularies for Horabena (Baham) after Woelders, Mambunibuni after van Beek, Patimuni after an unspecified source, an unspecified variety of Baham after Anceaux and for Kapaur (Iha) after two unspecified sources, Kapaur after Anceaux, Sipatnanam after a patrol officer, Sum after van Beek, Degen after Hindom, Tetar after Saras, Dunaweria after Hindon, Nambuktep and Pikpik after van Beek, Wayati and an unspecified variety after Anceaux and an unspecified variety of Iha after a government officer

Greenberg (n.d.) … after Anceaux (n.d.)

Voorhoeve (1975: 101-102) 40 comparative terms for Iha and Baham after Anceaux

Flassy, Ruhukael and Rumbrawer (1984) grammar of Mbahaam of Sanggram village

Flassy, Ruhukael and Rumbrawer (1987) phonology and (pp. 108-148) extensive comparative vocabulary for Bahaam of Sanggram village

Flassy and Animung (1992) grammar and (pp. 79-110) extensive comparative vocabulary for Iha

Flassy (2002) Mbahaam inflections (unobtained)

Husin (2009) morphology and (pp. 43-50) vocabulary of Baham Patimuni

Narfafan (2009) phonology of Iha (unobtained)

Donohue (2010) … comparative terms for Iha of Homor Kopma village and for Mbáhám of Wos and Wéremú villages

Donohue (2013) sketch phonology of Iha

Cottet (2015) phonology of Mbahám

Historical phonology

[under construction]

Proto-Mbahaam-Iha had 14 consonants and 5 vowels as follows:

*m *n
*p *t *s *k *kʷ
*mb *nd *ŋg *ŋgʷ
*w *r *j
*i *u
*a

In addition to the simple vowels given above, two diphthongs are found as follows:

*ⁱɛ
*ɛⁱ

Apical non-stop /*r/ does not generally occur initially in native words.

A lateral non-stop /l/ is found only in loans, primarily from local Austronesian languages. It's not clear that this phoneme was established by the time of Proto-Mbahaam-Iha. Proto-West Bomberai distinguished /*l/ from /*r/, but these original phonemes have fallen together as /*r/ in Mbahaam-Iha.

The majority of Mbahaam-Iha roots are consonant-final. Only a subset of consonants is known to occur finally:

*m *n
*p *t *s *k [*kʷ]
*ŋg [ŋ]
*r

Vowel-initial roots exist but are markedly uncommon. Comparative evidence suggests that at least some roots which once had initial vowels have lost them in Mbahaam-Iha, leading for example to the formation of diphthongs in /*mɛⁱn/ “louse” and/*ŋgɛⁱn/ “skin” reflecting /*amin/ and /*aŋgin/ respectively.

Consonant clusters do not occur within roots. However, because most roots have both initial and final consonants, they are very common in compounds.

Stress is contrastive. The majority of disyllables take final stress, a fact no doubt connected to the loss of erstwhile initial vowels and the predominance of consonant final roots.



Initial consonants correspond as follows:

Mbah.-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*m- m m
*n- n n
*p- p p
*t- t t
*s- s h
*k- k k
*kʷ-
*mb- mb mb
*nd- nd nd
*ŋg- ŋg ŋg
*ŋgʷ- ŋgʷ
*w- w w
*j-

Medial consonants correspond as follows:

Mbah.-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-m- m m
*-n- n n
*-p- p [b] p [b]
*-t- t [d] t [d]
*-s- s h
*-k- k [k g] k [k g]
*-kʷ-
*-mb- mb mb
*-nd- nd nd
*-ŋg- ŋg ŋg
*-ŋgʷ-
*-w- w w
*-r- r r
*-j-

Consonant clusters correspond as follows:

Mbah.-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-C-p- Cp [pː] Cp [p]
*-C-t- Ct [tː] Ct [t]
*-C-s- h h
*-C-k- Ck [kː] Ck [k]

Final consonants correspond as follows:

Mbah.-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-m m m
*-n n n
*-p p p
*-t t t
*-s s h
*-k k k
*-kʷ k
*-ŋg ŋg [ŋ] ŋg [ŋ]
*-r r [r ø] r

Vowels and diphthongs correspond as follows:

Mbah.-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*i i i
*u u u
ɛ ɛ
ɔ ɔ
*ɔ/Cʷ w_ ᵘɔ ɔ
*a a a
*a/_Ci a ɛ
*a/_Cʷ w ɔ a a ɔ
*ⁱɛ ⁱɛ ɛ
*ɛⁱ i ɛⁱ

These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with Iha attestations drawn from Flassy and Animung (1992) and Mbahaam (Bahaam) from Flassy, Ruhukael and Rumbrawer (1984, 1987) unless otherwise indicated.


Any consonant can occur initially.

Initial bilabial nasal /*m/ is generally retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*m- m m
3 pl. *mi mi
star fruit *miri-miri miri-mirimiri-miri
louse *mɛⁱn miːn mɛin
sit *mɛˈsɛn mɛhɛːn mɛhɛn
neck/throat *m[ɛ]s[ɛ]k maha-kajsmɛhɛk
song *mɛˈrɛs mɛrɛːs mɛrɛh
voice/language*mak maːq maq
ginger *maŋg-maŋg maŋ-maŋ maŋ-maŋ
sow *mɔs mɔːs mɔh

… /*m/ … outcomparison …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*m- m n
banana*mɔŋgʷɔ muŋguɔ nɔŋbɔ

… /*m/ … metathesis …:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*m- -m- m-
chin*muˈnduk (?)nd(u)muːkmunduk

… /*m/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*m- ø m
mouth*[mi]ˈsin sin mihin

Initial apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*n- n n
1 pl. poss. *ni- ni-
corpse *ˈniti niːti nidi
name *nⁱɛ nʲiɛ
stairs/ladder*nⁱɛŋg nʲijɛŋ nɛŋ
older sister *nan nan
man/male *nami-sar nami-hanɛmɛ-har
younger sib *naka naqa naka ~ naga
eat *nawa nɔwa nɔwa ~ nawa-

… /*n/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*n- n ø
hide*ˈniŋgis niːŋgisŋgihi

Initial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*p- p p [~ -b-]
smile *p[i]ˈri priː pri-bri
earwax *pɛk pɛk-pɛk -bɛk
fish trap *pɛr pɛːr pɛr
diarrhoea *pɛˈrɛs-pɛˈrɛsprɛs-prɛsp(ɛ)rɛh-p(ɛ)rɛh
say/speak *paˈrɛ parɛː prɛ
son's wife*ˈpam[ɔ/u] paːmɔ pamu
skin *pak paːk pak
palm/sole *p[a]ˈram praːm pram
stingray *pɔt-pɔt pɔt-pɔːt pɔt-pɔt
root *pur puːr pur

Initial apical voiceless stop /*t/ is retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*t- t t
thigh *t[iˈw]ɔn tʲuɔn tʲɔn
mountain *tiri
drum *tir-ˈtir ti-tiːr ti-tir
pointed *tɛp tɛːb-tɛb tɛp
fence *tap taːp tap
hand *tan tan
heavy *taˈŋgⁱɛr taŋgiːjɛr tɛŋgɛr
twig/tendril *t[a]ˈrar traːr trar
spittle/saliva*tɔp tɔp tɔp
sit *tɔt-ˈtɔtɔm tɔ-tɔːdɔm tɔ-tɔdɔm
hit/chop *tɔs tɔːs tɔh
bone *ˈtɔkar tɔ(ː)qar tɔqar
block *(tɔk-)ˈtɔkɔm (tɔk-)tɔk tɔk-tɔkɔm
elbow *tɔŋgʷɔn tuŋgʷɔn tɔŋmbɔn
woman/female *t[ɔ/u]mb[ɔ/u]rtumbu- (tɔ-)tɔmbɔr
ridgepole(s) *tum-ˈtumbis tum-tuːmbistum-tumbih
mountain *tumb[ɛ]r tumbɛr
five *tuˈmbu tmbuː tumbu

… /*t/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*t- t ø
cluster/bunch*[ˈtɛ]rɛm tɛːrɛm rɛm

Initial laminal voiceless /*s/ is deoccluded to /h/ in Iha:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*s- s h
garden *siriˈjɛt sirjɛːt hiriɛt
open *s[i/ɛ]ˈŋgⁱɛk siŋgjɛːk hɛŋgɛk
sand *sɛˈmɛŋg smɛːŋ hɛmɛŋ
hot *sɛp sɛːp hɛp
black *sɛˈnɛk snɛ-h(ɛ)nɛk hɛnɛk
thin/flat*sɛˈkɛt-sɛkɛt sɛqɛː-hɛqɛ hɛgɛ-hɛgɛ(t)
sick/ill *sɛrɛrɛ sɛrɛrɛ hɛrɛrɛ
umbilicus*ˈsɛjim sɛːjn hɛin ~ hɛim
fish *ˈsɛjir sɛj(i)r hɛir
cockroach*saˈŋgʷɔn saŋgʷɔːn hambɔn
trade *saˈrɛⁱ[k] sriː hɛrɛik
younger *ˈs[ɔ/u]mbi[t]sɔːmbit ~
suːmbit
hɔmbi
comb *suˈwɛr suwɛːr huwɛr

… /*s/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*s- s h s
breast*sɔn sɔːn hɔn ~ sɔn

Initial velar voiceless stop /*k/ is generally retained as such in both languages. …:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*k- k [k q] k [k q]
2 pl. *ki ki- ki
die *kimi kimi-
mosquito *kip-ˈkipɔn ki-kiːbɔn ki-kibɔn
water *kiˈra krija kara
face *kɛˈmɛⁱr kmiːr kɛmɛir
sweet *kɛˈmɛŋg kmɛːŋ kɛmɛŋ
see *kɛn- knaː ~ qɛnaː kɛnɛ-t
know *kɛˈndɛ kɛndɛː ~ qɛndɛkɛndɛ
old woman *ˈkɛsik kɛːhik kɛ-kɛhik
sun *kaˈminV kamiːni kimina
yawn *kam-kamar kam-kamar kam-kamar
wing *ˈkamɛn kaːmɛn
moon *kaˈpas kabaːs kabah
sneeze *kaˈpasi kabaːi kabah(i)
head *kaˈnda kndaː kanda
sharp *kaˈŋgap kaŋgaːp kaŋgap
kunai grass *kaˈŋgʷam kɔŋgʷaːm kambam
vagina *kar kaːr kar
flooring *kar-ˈkarɛn ka-kaːran ka-karɛn
seed *ˈkajis kajs ~ kais kɛih
torch *kajiˈwɔr kajɔːr kɛ(i)wɔr
cook/cooked *ˈkajir qaj kɛir
shoot *kaˈjir kaːj kɛiːr
cross-cousin*kɔ[wa]ˈr[a/ɔ]p kɔwara(ː)p kɔrɔp
hear *kɔmɛn kɔmɛnaː k(ɔ)mɔn
raw *kɔˈŋgɔr kɔŋgɔː
snake/python*ˈk[ɔw]us kuːs kɔuh
grub *k[ɔ/u]s-
k[ɔ/u]sum
kus-kus kɔ-kɔhum
sweat *kutuˈruk kuduruːk kuduruk

… /*k/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*k- k ø
pig*[ku]ˈndur kunduːrndur

Initial rounded velar voiceless stop /*kʷ/ …:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*kʷ-
boil (n.) *kʷiˈrɛmbus kurʲɛːmbuspirɛmbuh
stem *kʷiˈraŋg kurijɛːŋ pɛraŋ
bark (of dog)*kʷiˈjɛ[n/ŋg] kpʷjɛːn piɛŋ
reed(s) *kʷiˈja-kʷiˈjakpʷja-wja pia-wia
nut *kʷiˈjarɛn kpʷjaːrɛn -piarɛn ~ piar
village *kʷⁱɛs kpʷjɛs pɛh
ear *kʷⁱɛr kpʷujɛr pɛr
nest *kʷ[ɛ]ˈr[i/ɛ] kpʷrɛ pɛiri ~ pɛri
foot/claw *ˈkʷɛji[t/s] kpʷɛjt pɛih
ten *kʷaˈra kpʷraː para
carry *kʷ[a/ɔ]ˈrɔk karɔːq (?)pɔrɔk
knife *kʷɔt kuɔt pɔt
good *ˈkʷɔsi kpʷɔːhi pɔhi

… /*kʷ/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*kʷ-
cheek*kʷakɔr paqɔr (?)pagɔr

Initial bilabial voiced prenasalized stop /*mb/ is retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*mb- mb mb [mb b]
sugarcane *mbɛs mbɛːs mbɛh
star/firefly*mbap mbap(-mbap)mbap
thick *mbaˈŋgɔr mbaŋgɔːr mbaŋgɔr

Initial apical voiced prenasalized stop /*nd/ is retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*nd- nd [nd nt]nd [nd nt]
sago flour*ˈndana ndaːna ndana
sugar palm*ndaˈŋgʷɔm ndaŋgɔːm ndambɔm
loft/attic*ndaˈram ndraːm ndaram
shoot (n.)*ndum ntuːm ndum
mud *ndus
sleepy *ndura ndura ndura ~ ntura

Initial velar voiced prenasalized stop /*ŋg/ is generally retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*ŋg- ŋg [ŋg g] ŋg [ŋg g]
skin *ŋgɛⁱn ŋgɛin
lontar palm*ŋgɛCturV ŋgutura ŋgɛturi
cloth sp. *ŋgVˈrɛk ŋgrɛk ŋgrɛq
weave/sew *ˈŋgɛjit ŋgɛːjt ~ ŋgɛitŋgɛit
thatch *ŋgaˈmb[u]r[a](ŋ)gambuːra ŋgambar
Jew's harp *ŋgaˈsim ŋgahiːm ŋgɛhim
land snail *ŋgaˈwarambuk (ŋ)gʷaːrambuk ŋgawarambuk
four *ŋgaˈra ŋgara
crow *ŋgɔ[wa]ras ŋgʷaras gɔrah
raft *ˈŋguwas ŋguːwas ŋguwah

… /*ŋg/ …:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*ŋg- ŋg [ŋk]ŋg [ŋk]
gravel*ŋgawarɛˈrɛːŋkwarɛrɛ ŋkawarɛrɛ

Initial rounded velar voiced prenasalized stop /*ŋgʷ/ …:

Mbahaam-Iha MbahaamIha
*ŋgʷ-
thorn*ŋgʷɛm mbɛm
snore*ˈŋgʷɔr[ɔ/u]s ŋgruːs mbɔrɔh
bee *ˈŋgʷ[ɔ/u]n[a]ŋguːna mbɔn

Initial bilabial non-stop /*w/ is generally retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*w- w w
brother's wife*wiˈnat winʲaːt winʲat
tree *wiˈra wurʲaː ~ wɛrʲaːwɛrɛ ~ wrɛ
blood *wⁱɛk wijɛk wɛk
go *wɛs wɛs ~ wɛːs wɛh
earthquake *wɛŋg-ˈwɛŋg wɔŋ-wɛːŋ wɛŋ-wɛŋ
smallpox *wanɛn-wanɛnwanɛŋ-wanɛŋ wanan-wanan
3 pl. *wat -waːt wat
day *waŋgis wɛŋgih
stone *war waːr war
bite *waˈrik wariːk wɛrik
sell *waˈrɛk warɛːq warɛk
clan/relatives*wɔˈtɔwur wɔdɔːw wɔdɔur
breath *ˈwɔsɔ[wu] wɔhɔw wɔhɔ
sky *wɔŋg wuɔŋ wɔŋ
tail *wɔr wuɔr wɔr

When followed by high back round vowel /*u/, initial /*w/ is dropped in Mbahaam:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*w-/_u ø w
egg*wun uːn wun

Apical non-stop /*r/ does not generally occur initially in native words, though some examples of initial /r/ are found in loans from Austronesian languages (below.) There is one possible counterexample:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*r- r r
drink*ˈr[ɔ/u]s ruːs rɔh

Initial palatal non-stop /*j/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*j- j j
wave(s) *ˈjɛːmbar jɛːmba jɛmbɛr
light (weight)*ˈjɛrɔŋg jɛːrɔŋ jɛ-jɛrɔŋ
bracelet *ˈjana jaːna jana

One example suggests that initial /*j/ can be realized as a palatalized stop [dʲ] in Iha:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*j- j j [j dʲ]
plains/wide*ˈjɔ[wu]n jɔwn ~ jɔundʲɔn ~ jɔn

In two examples, both initial /*j/ and the vowel which follows are elided in Iha in what is probably best regarded as syllable loss (below) rather than an irregular reflex of /*j/:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*jV- jV ø
dog *jaˈmbar jambaːr mbiar
canoe*jaˈr[a] jaraː ~ jarɛːdʲa

In two examples which must be assumed to share a common root, Mbahaam's initial /j/ is inexplicably absent from its Iha equivalent:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*[j]- j ø
row *[j]aˈrɛk[ɛt]jarɛːqɛtarɛk
paddle*[j]aˈrɛk-as jarɛːqasarɛgah

Any consonant can occur medially.

Medial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*-m- m m
son's wife*ˈpam[ɔ/u] paːmɔ pamu
man/male *nami-sar nami-ha nɛmɛ-har
sea snail *ˈndɔman ndɔːman ndɔman
sand *sɛˈmɛŋg smɛːŋ hɛmɛŋ
die *kimi kimi-
sweet *kɛˈmɛŋg kmɛːŋ kɛmɛŋ
sun *kaˈminV kamiːni kimina
wing *ˈkamɛn kaːmɛn
yawn *kam-kamar kam-kamarkam-kamar
hear *kɔmɛn kɔmɛnaː k(ɔ)mɔn

Medial apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-n- n n
see *kɛn- knaː ~ qɛnaːkɛnɛ-t
sago flour *ˈndana ndaːna ndana
black *sɛˈnɛk snɛ-h(ɛ)nɛk hɛnɛk
sun *kaˈminV kamiːni kimina (?)
brother's wife*wiˈnat winʲaːt winʲat
smallpox *wanɛn-wanɛnwanɛŋ-wanɛŋ wanan-wanan
bracelet *ˈjana jaːna jana

Medial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*-p- p [b β]p [b]
tinea *ɔˈpɔk (ɔ)bɔːk bɔk
mosquito*kip-ˈkipɔnki-kiːbɔn ki-kibɔn
moon *kaˈpas kabaːs kabah
sneeze *kaˈpasi kabaːi kabah(i)

When medial /*p/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*-p-/C_p p
stingray*pɔt-pɔt pɔt-pɔːtpɔt-pɔt

… /*p/ …:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-p-/C_ p p
coconut shell[*saCparaCta]saprata haparata
pinch [*kʷaCˈpis] kpʷapiːspapih
paddle [*ˈjaCpɛt] jaːpɛt japɛt

Medial apical voiceless stop /*t/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*-t- t [d] t [d]
tree/wood *aˈtɔkʷ adɔ(ː)q ~ adɔqadɔp
chest *ˈpatin -paːdin
corpse *ˈniti niːti (?) nidi
sit *tɔt-ˈtɔtɔmtɔ-tɔːdɔm tɔ-tɔdɔm
sweat *kutuˈruk kuduruːk kuduruk
clan/relatives*wɔˈtɔwur wɔdɔːw wɔdɔur

When medial /*t/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*-t-/C_t t
drum *tir-ˈtir ti-tiːr ti-tir
sit *tɔt-ˈtɔtɔmtɔ-tɔːdɔmtɔ-tɔdɔm
block*tɔk-ˈtɔkɔmtɔk-tɔk tɔk-tɔkɔm

… /*t/ …:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-t-/C_ t t
coconut shell[*saCparaCta]saprata haparata
squash [*saˈmbiCtV] sambiːtihambita ~
hambitɛ
lontar palm [*ŋgɛCturV] ŋgutura ŋgɛturi

Medial laminal voiceless /*s/ is deoccluded to /h/ in Iha and sporadically to [h] or zero [ø] in Mbahaam:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-s- s [s h ø] h
sit *mɛˈsɛn mɛhɛːn mɛhɛn
neck/throat *m[ɛ]s[ɛ]k maha-kajs mɛhɛk
man/male *nami-sar nami-ha ~
namij-ɛ
nɛmɛ-har
woman/female*t[ɔ/u]mb[ɔ/u]r-
sar
tumbu-hɔr ~  tumbuw-ɔtɔmbɔ-har ~
tamba-har
old woman *ˈkɛsik kɛːhik kɛ-kɛhik
sneeze *kaˈpasi kabaːi kabah(i)
grub *k[ɔ/u]s-
k[ɔ/u]sum
kus-kus kɔ-kɔhum
Jew's harp *ŋgaˈsim ŋgahiːm ŋgɛhim
good *ˈkʷɔsi kpʷɔːhi ~
kuos-kuos
pɔhi
breath *ˈwɔsɔ[wu] wɔhɔw wɔhɔ

When medial /*s/ …:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-s-/C_ s [h] h
thin/flat*sɛˈkɛt-sɛkɛtsɛqɛː-hɛqɛhɛgɛ-hɛgɛ(t)

Medial velar voiceless stop /*k/ …:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-k- k [k q g ɣ]k [k q g]
younger sib*naka naqa naka ~ naga
bone *ˈtɔkar tɔ(ː)qar tɔqar
block *tɔk-ˈtɔkɔm tɔk-tɔk tɔk-tɔkɔm
thin/flat *sɛˈkɛt-sɛkɛtsɛqɛː-hɛqɛ hɛgɛ-hɛgɛ(t)
cheek *kʷakɔr paqɔr pagɔr
spoon *ˈwɔk[ij]as wɔːqas wɔgijah
paddle *[j]aˈrɛk-as jarɛːqas arɛgah

When medial /*k/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*-k-/C_
mosquito*kip-ˈkipɔnki-kiːbɔnki-kibɔn
flooring*kar-ˈkarɛnka-kaːranka-karɛn

…:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*-k-/C_
deceive[*naCˈkira]nakiːranakira

Medial rounded velar voiceless stop /*kʷ/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*-kʷ- k [q] [p]
enemy/evil*ˈakʷɔrɔwu aːqrɔw ~ aːqrɔupɔrɔuw
one *ɔkʷɔ[nɔ] ɔqɔnɔ

… /*kʷ/ …:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-kʷ- [w] [w]
reed(s)*kʷiˈja-kʷiˈjakpʷja-wjapia-wia

… /*kʷ/ …:

Mbahaam-Iha MbahaamIha
*-kʷ-/C_
*…

Medial bilabial voiced prenasalized stop /*mb/ is retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-mb- mb mb
woman/female*t[ɔ/u]mb[ɔ/u]rtumbu- (tɔ-)tɔmbɔr
ridgepole(s)*tum-ˈtumbis tum-tuːmbis tum-tumbih
mountain *tumb[ɛ]r tumbɛr
five *tuˈmbu tmbuː tumbu
younger *ˈs[ɔ/u]mbi[t] sɔːmbit ~
suːmbit
hɔmbi
thatch *ŋgaˈmb[u]r[a] (ŋ)gambuːra ŋgambar
land snail *ŋgaˈwarambuk (ŋ)gʷaːrambuk ŋgawarambuk
boil (n.) *kʷiˈrɛmbus kurʲɛːmbus pirɛmbuh
wave(s) *ˈjɛːmbar jɛːmba jɛmbɛr
dog *jaˈmbar jambaːr mbiar

Medial apical voiced prenasalized stop /*nd/ is retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-nd- nd nd
needle*iˈnd[ɔ/u]p induːp indɔp
chin *muˈnduk (?)nd(u)muːk munduk
know *kɛˈndɛ kɛndɛː ~ qɛndɛkɛndɛ
head *kaˈnda kndaː kanda
pig *[ku]ˈndur kunduːr ndur

…:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*… j nd
child*… mɛjaː ~ mɛ(j)amanda
eye *… k(i)jɛp kɛndɛp

Medial velar voiced prenasalized stop /*ŋg/ is retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-ŋg- ŋg ŋg
thick*mbaˈŋgɔr mbaŋgɔːr mbaŋgɔr
hide *ˈniŋgis niːŋgis ŋgihi
heavy*taˈŋgⁱɛr taŋgiːjɛrtɛŋgɛr
open *s[i/ɛ]ˈŋgⁱɛksiŋgjɛːk hɛŋgɛk
sharp*kaˈŋgap kaŋgaːp kaŋgap
raw *kɔˈŋgɔr kɔŋgɔː
day *waŋgis wɛŋgih

Medial rounded velar voiced prenasalized stop /*ŋgʷ/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*-ŋgʷ- ŋgʷ
banana *mɔŋgʷɔ muŋguɔ nɔŋbɔ
elbow *tɔŋgʷɔn tuŋgʷɔn tɔŋmbɔn
sugar palm *ndaˈŋgʷɔm ndaŋgɔːmndambɔm
cockroach *saˈŋgʷɔn saŋgʷɔːnhambɔn
kunai grass*kaˈŋgʷam kɔŋgʷaːmkambam

Medial bilabial non-stop /*w/ has been found …:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-w- w w
eat *nawa nɔwa nɔwa ~ nawa-
comb *suˈwɛr suwɛːr huwɛr
gravel *ŋgawarɛˈrɛː ŋkwarɛrɛ ŋkawarɛrɛ
land snail*ŋgaˈwarambuk(ŋ)gʷaːrambukŋgawarambuk
raft *ˈŋguwas ŋguːwas ŋguwah

… medial /*w/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*-w- ø w
torch*kajiˈwɔr kajɔːr kɛ(i)wɔr

… medial /*w/ …:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-ɔwu- ɔu ɔw ɔu ɔuw
enemy/evil *ˈakʷɔrɔwu aːqrɔw ~ aːqrɔu pɔrɔuw
clan/relatives*wɔˈtɔwur wɔdɔːw wɔdɔur
*-ɔwu- ɔu ɔw ɔ
breath *ˈwɔsɔ[wu] wɔhɔw wɔhɔ
plains/wide *ˈjɔ[wu]n jɔwn ~ jɔun dʲɔn ~ jɔn
*-ɔwu- ɔu
snake/python *ˈk[ɔw]us kuːs kɔuh
*-[ɔ/u]- uː u ɔ
needle *iˈnd[ɔ/u]p induːp indɔp
woman/female *t[ɔ/u]mb[ɔ/u]r tumbu- (tɔ-)tɔmbɔr
grub *k[ɔ/u]s-
k[ɔ/u]sum
kus-kus kɔ-kɔhum
snore *ˈŋgʷɔr[ɔ/u]s ŋgruːs mbɔrɔh
bee *ˈŋgʷ[ɔ/u]n[a] ŋguːna mbɔn
drink *ˈr[ɔ/u]s ruːs rɔh
*-[ɔ/u]- ɔː uː ɔ
younger *ˈs[ɔ/u]mbi[t] sɔːmbit ~
suːmbit
hɔmbi

Medial apical non-stop /*r/ is very common. It is retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-r- r r
enemy/evil *ˈakʷɔrɔwu aːqrɔw ~ aːqrɔupɔrɔuw
star fruit *miri-miri miri-miri miri-miri
song *mɛˈrɛs mɛrɛːs mɛrɛh
smile *p[i]ˈri priː pri-bri
diarrhoea *pɛˈrɛs-pɛˈrɛs prɛs-prɛs p(ɛ)rɛh-p(ɛ)rɛh
say/speak *paˈrɛ parɛː prɛ
palm/sole *p[a]ˈram praːm pram
mountain *tiri
cluster/bunch *[ˈtɛ]rɛm tɛːrɛm rɛm
twig/tendril *t[a]ˈrar traːr trar
loft/attic *ndaˈram ndraːm ndaram
sleepy *ndura ndura ndura ~ ntura
garden *siriˈjɛt sirjɛːt hiriɛt ~
hidiɛt (?)
sick/ill *sɛrɛrɛ sɛrɛrɛ hɛrɛrɛ
trade *saˈrɛⁱ[k] sriː hɛrɛik
water *kiˈra krija kara
flooring *kar-ˈkarɛn ka-kaːran ka-karɛn
cross-cousin *kɔ[wa]ˈr[a/ɔ]pkɔwara(ː)p kɔrɔp
sweat *kutuˈruk kuduruːk kuduruk
lontar palm *ŋgɛCturV ŋgutura ŋgɛturi
cloth sp. *ŋgVˈrɛk ŋgrɛk ŋgrɛq
thatch *ŋgaˈmb[u]r[a] (ŋ)gambuːra ŋgambar
gravel *ŋgawarɛˈrɛː ŋkwarɛrɛ ŋkawarɛrɛ
land snail *ŋgaˈwarambuk (ŋ)gʷaːrambuk ŋgawarambuk
four *ŋgaˈra ŋgara
crow *ŋgɔ[wa]ras ŋgʷaras gɔrah
boil (n.) *kʷiˈrɛmbus kurʲɛːmbus pirɛmbuh
stem *kʷiˈraŋg kurijɛːŋ pɛraŋ
nut *kʷiˈjarɛn kpʷjaːrɛn -piarɛn ~ piar
nest *kʷ[ɛ]ˈr[i/ɛ] kpʷrɛ pɛiri ~ pɛri
ten *kʷaˈra kpʷraː para
carry *kʷ[a/ɔ]ˈrɔk karɔːq pɔrɔk
snore *ˈŋgʷɔr[ɔ/u]s ŋgruːs mbɔrɔh
tree *wiˈra wurʲaː ~ wɛrʲaːwɛrɛ ~ wrɛ
bite *waˈrik wariːk wɛrik
sell *waˈrɛk warɛːq warɛk
light (weight)*ˈjɛrɔŋg jɛːrɔŋ jɛ-jɛrɔŋ
row *[j]aˈrɛk[ɛt] jarɛːqɛt arɛk
paddle *[j]aˈrɛk-as jarɛːqas arɛgah

… medial /*r/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*-r- r d
canoe*jaˈr[a] jaraː ~ jarɛːdʲa

Medial palatal non-stop /*j/ …:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-j-
umbilicus *ˈsɛjim sɛːjn hɛin ~ hɛim
fish *ˈsɛjir sɛj(i)r hɛir
garden *siriˈjɛt sirjɛːt hiriɛt
seed *ˈkajis kajs ~ kais kɛih
torch *kajiˈwɔr kajɔːr kɛ(i)wɔr
cook/cooked *ˈkajir qaj kɛir
shoot *kaˈjir kaːj kɛiːr
weave/sew *ˈŋgɛjit ŋgɛːjt ~ ŋgɛitŋgɛit
bark (of dog)*kʷiˈjɛ[n/ŋg] kpʷjɛːn piɛŋ
reed(s) *kʷiˈja-kʷiˈjakpʷja-wja pia-wia
nut *kʷiˈjarɛn kpʷjaːrɛn -piarɛn ~ piar
foot/claw *ˈkʷɛji[t/s] kpʷɛjt pɛih

Final consonants …

Final bilabial nasal /*m/ is generally retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*-m m m
palm/sole *p[a]ˈram praːm pram
cluster/bunch*[ˈtɛ]rɛm tɛːrɛm rɛm
sit *tɔt-ˈtɔtɔmtɔ-tɔːdɔmtɔ-tɔdɔm
sugar palm *ndaˈŋgʷɔm ndaŋgɔːm ndambɔm
loft/attic *ndaˈram ndraːm ndaram
shoot (n.) *ndum ntuːm ndum
kunai grass *kaˈŋgʷam kɔŋgʷaːm kambam
Jew's harp *ŋgaˈsim ŋgahiːm ŋgɛhim
thorn *ŋgʷɛm mbɛm

In one example, final /*m/ is realized as apical /*n/ (below) because it is assimilated to following root-initial /*t/ in a phrase:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-m/_(t)ø Vm
umbilicus*ˈsɛjim sɛːjn tarɛhɛin (tarɛ) ~
hɛim (tarɛ)

… /*m/ …:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-Vm ø Vm
block*(tɔk-)ˈtɔkɔm (tɔk-)tɔktɔk-tɔkɔm
grub *k[ɔ/u]s-
k[ɔ/u]sum
kus-kus kɔ-kɔhum

Final apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*-n n n
1 pl. incl. *in un(-duː) in
1 sg. *[a/ɔ]n an(duː) ɔn
mouth *[mi]ˈsin sin mihin
louse *mɛⁱn miːn mɛin
sit *mɛˈsɛn mɛhɛːn mɛhɛn
chest *ˈpatin -paːdin
older sister*nan nan
thigh *t[iˈw]ɔn tʲuɔn tʲɔn
hand *tan tan
elbow *tɔŋgʷɔn tuŋgʷɔn tɔŋmbɔn
sea snail *ˈndɔman ndɔːman ndɔman
cockroach *saˈŋgʷɔn saŋgʷɔːn hambɔn
breast *sɔn sɔːn hɔn ~ sɔn
mosquito *kip-ˈkipɔnki-kiːbɔn ki-kibɔn
wing *ˈkamɛn kaːmɛn
flooring *kar-ˈkarɛnka-kaːran ka-karɛn
skin *ŋgɛⁱn ŋgɛin
nut *kʷiˈjarɛn kpʷjaːrɛn -piarɛn
unripe *ˈkʷɛn-kʷɛnkpʷɛ(ː)n-kpʷɛnpɛn-pɛn
egg *wun uːn wun
plains/wide *ˈjɔ[wu]n jɔwn ~ jɔun dʲɔn ~ jɔn

In one example, final /*n/ has become velar /ŋg/ [ŋ] in Mbahaam, probably due to the influence of following /*w/ in reduplication:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-n/_w ŋg [ŋ] n
smallpox*wanɛn-wanɛnwanɛŋ-wanɛŋwanan-wanan

Final bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is generally retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-p p p
needle *iˈnd[ɔ/u]p induːp indɔp
star/firefly *mbap mbap(-mbap)mbap
fence *tap taːp tap
spittle/saliva*tɔp tɔp tɔp
hot *sɛp sɛːp hɛp
sharp *kaˈŋgap kaŋgaːp kaŋgap
cross-cousin *kɔ[wa]ˈr[a/ɔ]pkɔwara(ː)p kɔrɔp

… final /*p/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*-p p [b]p
pointed*tɛp tɛːb-tɛb tɛp

Final apical voiceless stop /*t/ is uncommon. It is generally retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*-t t t
stingray *pɔt-pɔt pɔt-pɔːt pɔt-pɔt
garden *siriˈjɛt sirjɛːt hiriɛt
excrement *kɔt kɔt
knife *kʷɔt kuɔt pɔt
weave/sew *ˈŋgɛjit ŋgɛːjt ~ ŋgɛitŋgɛit
brother's wife*wiˈnat winʲaːt winʲat
3 pl. *wat -waːt wat

… final /*t/ and /*s/ (below) …:

Mbahaam-Iha MbahaamIha
*-[t/s]/b>t h
foot/claw*ˈkʷɛji[t/s] kpʷɛjt pɛih

… /*t/ …:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-[t]/b> t ø
younger*ˈs[ɔ/u]mbi[t]sɔːmbit ~
suːmbit
hɔmbi

… /*t/ …:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-t ø t ø
thin/flat*sɛˈkɛt-sɛkɛtsɛqɛː-hɛqɛhɛgɛ-hɛgɛ(t)

Final laminal voiceless /*s/ is deoccluded to /h/ in Iha:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-s s h
fruit *is is ~ ih (?)
song *mɛˈrɛs mɛrɛːs mɛrɛh
sow *mɔs mɔːs mɔh
diarrhoea *pɛˈrɛs-pɛˈrɛsprɛs-prɛs p(ɛ)rɛh-p(ɛ)rɛh
sugarcane *mbɛs mbɛːs mbɛh
hit/chop *tɔs tɔːs tɔh
ridgepole(s)*tum-ˈtumbis tum-tuːmbistum-tumbih
mud *ndus
moon *kaˈpas kabaːs kabah
seed *ˈkajis kajs ~ kaiskɛih
excrement *kɔt kɔt
snake/python*ˈk[ɔw]us kuːs kɔuh
crow *ŋgɔ[wa]ras ŋgʷaras gɔrah
raft *ˈŋguwas ŋguːwas ŋguwah
boil (n.) *kʷiˈrɛmbus kurʲɛːmbus pirɛmbuh
village *kʷⁱɛs kpʷjɛs pɛh
snore *ˈŋgʷɔr[ɔ/u]s ŋgruːs mbɔrɔh
go *wɛs wɛs ~ wɛːs wɛh
day *waŋgis wɛŋgih
spoon *ˈwɔk[ij]as wɔːqas wɔgijah
drink *ˈr[ɔ/u]s ruːs rɔh
paddle *[j]aˈrɛk-as jarɛːqas arɛgah

… /*s/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*-s s h
hide*ˈniŋgis niːŋgisŋgihi

Final velar voiceless stop /*k/ is generally retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-k k [k q] k [k q]
cooked/ripe *iˈpⁱɛk ibijɛk ~ ibjɛkbɛk
tinea *ɔˈpɔk (ɔ)bɔːk bɔk
neck/throat *m[ɛ]s[ɛ]k maha-kajs mɛhɛk
voice/language*mak maːq maq
chin *muˈnduk (?) nd(u)muːk munduk
earwax *pɛk pɛk-pɛk -bɛk
skin *pak paːk pak
open *s[i/ɛ]ˈŋgⁱɛksiŋgjɛːk hɛŋgɛk
black *sɛˈnɛk snɛ-h(ɛ)nɛk hɛnɛk
old woman *ˈkɛsik kɛːhik kɛ-kɛhik
sweat *kutuˈruk kuduruːk kuduruk
cloth sp. *ŋgVˈrɛk ŋgrɛk ŋgrɛq
land snail *ŋgaˈwarambuk(ŋ)gʷaːrambuk ŋgawarambuk
carry *kʷ[a/ɔ]ˈrɔk karɔːq pɔrɔk
blood *wⁱɛk wijɛk wɛk
bite *waˈrik wariːk wɛrik
sell *waˈrɛk warɛːq warɛk

… final /*k/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*-[k] ø k
trade*saˈrɛⁱ[k] sriː hɛrɛik

Final rounded velar voiceless stop /*kʷ/ has been found in only one example, in which it …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*-kʷ k [q] p
tree/wood*aˈtɔkʷ adɔ(ː)q ~ adɔqadɔp

Anterior voiced prenasalized stops /*mb *nd/ do not appear finally.

Final velar voiced prenasalized stop /*ŋg/ is realized as velar nasal [ŋ] in both languages. That [ŋg] is an allophone of /*ŋg/ is confirmed by Cottet's (2015: 68-69) statement that [ŋ] appears only in final position, and when followed by a vowel initial suffix is realized as [ŋg]:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*-ŋg ŋg [ŋ]ŋg [ŋ]
ginger *maŋg-maŋg maŋ-maŋ maŋ-maŋ
stairs/ladder *nⁱɛŋg nʲijɛŋ nɛŋ
sand *sɛˈmɛŋg smɛːŋ hɛmɛŋ
sweet *kɛˈmɛŋg kmɛːŋ kɛmɛŋ
stem *kʷiˈraŋg kurijɛːŋ pɛraŋ
earthquake *wɛŋg-ˈwɛŋgwɔŋ-wɛːŋ wɛŋ-wɛŋ
sky *wɔŋg wuɔŋ wɔŋ
light (weight)*ˈjɛrɔŋg jɛːrɔŋ jɛ-jɛrɔŋ

One example, perhaps in error, is ambiguous between final apical nasal /*n/ (above) and velar voiced prenazalized stop /*ŋg/ [*ŋ]:

Mbahaam-Iha MbahaamIha
*-[n/ŋg] n ŋg [ŋ]
bark (of dog)*kʷiˈjɛ[n/ŋg]kpʷjɛːnpiɛŋ

Rounded velar voiced prenasalized stop /*ŋgʷ/ has not been found finally.

Bilabial non-stop /*w/ does not appear finally.

Final apical non-stop /*r/ is very common. It is …:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*-r r [r ø] r
fish trap *pɛr pɛːr pɛr
root *pur puːr pur
thick *mbaˈŋgɔr mbaŋgɔːr mbaŋgɔr
man/male *nami-sar nami-ha nɛmɛ-har
drum *tir-ˈtir ti-tiːr ti-tir
heavy *taˈŋgⁱɛr taŋgiːjɛr tɛŋgɛr
twig/tendril *t[a]ˈrar traːr trar
bone *ˈtɔkar tɔ(ː)qar tɔqar
woman/female *t[ɔ/u]mb[ɔ/u]r tumbu- (tɔ-)tɔmbɔr
woman/female *t[ɔ/u]mb[ɔ/u]r-
sar
tumbu-hɔr ~  tumbuw-ɔtɔmbɔ-har ~
tamba-har
mountain *tumb[ɛ]r tumbɛr
fish *ˈsɛjir sɛj(i)r hɛir
comb *suˈwɛr suwɛːr huwɛr
face *kɛˈmɛⁱr kmiːr kɛmɛir
yawn *kam-kamar kam-kamar kam-kamar
vagina *kar kaːr kar
torch *kajiˈwɔr kajɔːr kɛ(i)wɔr
cook/cooked *ˈkajir qaj kɛir
shoot *kaˈjir kaːj kɛiːr
raw *kɔˈŋgɔr kɔŋgɔː
pig *[ku]ˈndur kunduːr ndur
ear *kʷⁱɛr kpʷujɛr pɛr
cheek *kʷakɔr paqɔr pagɔr
stone *war waːr war
clan/relatives*wɔˈtɔwur wɔdɔːw wɔdɔur
spoon *ˈwɔk[ij]as wɔːqas wɔgijah
tail *wɔr wuɔr wɔr
wave(s) *ˈjɛːmbar jɛːmba jɛmbɛr
dog *jaˈmbar jambaːr mbiar

Palatal non-stop /*j/ does not appear finally.


Vowels and diphthongs …

High front vowel /*i/ in simple environments is retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*i i i
3 pl. *mi mi
1 pl. poss.*ni- ni-
2 pl. *ki ki- ki
fruit *is is ~ ih
smile *p[i]ˈri priː pri-bri
corpse *ˈniti niːti nidi
mountain *tiri
die *kimi kimi-
mouth *[mi]ˈsin sin mihin
drum *tir-ˈtir ti-tiːr ti-tir
hide *ˈniŋgis niːŋgis ŋgihi
star fruit *miri-miri miri-mirimiri-miri

In two Mbahaam free pronouns, high front /*i/ has become high back rounded /u/ due to the influence of the following optional suffix [-duː -ju]:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*i u i
1 pl. incl.*in un(-duː)in
2 pl. *ki ku-ju ki

… /*i/ …:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*i/uC_ i i
ridgepole(s)*tum-ˈtumbistum-tuːmbistum-tumbih

… /*i/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*i/_C… i i
needle*iˈnd[ɔ/u]pinduːp indɔp

… /*i/ …:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*iˈCɛ
boil (n.) *kʷiˈrɛmbus kurʲɛːmbus pirɛmbuh
*iˈCa
brother's wife*wiˈnat winʲaːt winʲat
*iˈCa
water *kiˈra krija kara
*iˈCa
stem *kʷiˈraŋg kurijɛːŋ pɛraŋ
*iˈCa
tree *wiˈra wurʲaː ~ wɛrʲaː wɛrɛ ~ wrɛ
*iˈCa
man/male *nami-sar nami-ha ~
nami-hɛ
nɛmɛ-har
*iˈjɛ
bark (of dog) *kʷiˈjɛ[n/ŋg] kpʷjɛːn piɛŋ
*iˈja
reed(s) *kʷiˈja-kʷiˈjakpʷja-wja pia-wia
nut *kʷiˈjarɛn kpʷjaːrɛn -piarɛn ~ piar

… /*i/ …:

Mbahaam-Iha MbahaamIha
*i/aC_Cai ɛ
man/male*nami-sar nami-hanɛmɛ-har

High back rounded vowel /*u/ in simple environments is retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*u u u
root *pur puːr pur
shoot (n.)*ndum ntuːm ndum
mud *ndus
egg *wun uːn wun
five *tuˈmbu tmbuː tumbu
chin *muˈnduk (?)nd(u)muːkmunduk
pig *[ku]ˈndur kunduːr ndur
sweat *kutuˈruk kuduruːk kuduruk

… /*u/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*u/_Ca u u
sleepy*ndura ndura ndura ~ ntura
raft *ˈŋguwas ŋguːwasŋguwah

Mid front vowel /*ɛ/ in simple environments is retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
ɛ ɛ
earwax *pɛk pɛk-pɛk -bɛk
fish trap *pɛr pɛːr pɛr
sugarcane *mbɛs mbɛːs mbɛh
pointed *tɛp tɛːb-tɛb tɛp
hot *sɛp sɛːp hɛp
thorn *ŋgʷɛm mbɛm
go *wɛs wɛs ~ wɛːs wɛh
know *kɛˈndɛ kɛndɛː ~ qɛndɛkɛndɛ
sit *mɛˈsɛn mɛhɛːn mɛhɛn
song *mɛˈrɛs mɛrɛːs mɛrɛh
diarrhoea *pɛˈrɛs-pɛˈrɛsprɛs-prɛs p(ɛ)rɛh-p(ɛ)rɛh
cluster/bunch*[ˈtɛ]rɛm tɛːrɛm rɛm
sand *sɛˈmɛŋg smɛːŋ hɛmɛŋ
black *sɛˈnɛk snɛ-h(ɛ)nɛk hɛnɛk
sweet *kɛˈmɛŋg kmɛːŋ kɛmɛŋ
cloth sp. *ŋgVˈrɛk ŋgrɛk ŋgrɛq
unripe *ˈkʷɛn-kʷɛn kpʷɛ(ː)n-kpʷɛnpɛn-pɛn
sick/ill *sɛrɛrɛ sɛrɛrɛ hɛrɛrɛ
thin/flat *sɛˈkɛt-sɛkɛt sɛqɛː-hɛqɛ hɛgɛ-hɛgɛ(t)

… /*ɛ/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
ɔ ɛ
earthquake*wɛŋg-ˈwɛŋgwɔŋ-wɛːŋwɛŋ-wɛŋ

Mid front /*ɛ/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*ɛ/_Ci ɛ ɛ
umbilicus*ˈsɛjim sɛːjn hɛin ~ hɛim
fish *ˈsɛjir sɛj(i)r hɛir
old woman*ˈkɛsik kɛːhik kɛ-kɛhik
weave/sew*ˈŋgɛjit ŋgɛːjt ~ ŋgɛitŋgɛit
*ɛ/iC_ ɛ ɛ
garden *siriˈjɛt sirjɛːt hiriɛt

Mid front /*ɛ/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*ɛ/uC_ ɛ ɛ
mountain*tumb[ɛ]r tumbɛr
comb *suˈwɛr suwɛːr huwɛr

Mid front /*ɛ/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*ɛ/_Cu u ɛ
lontar palm*ŋgɛCturV ŋguturaŋgɛturi

Mid front /*ɛ/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*ɛ/_Cɔ ɛ ɛ
light (weight)*ˈjɛrɔŋg jɛːrɔŋ jɛ-jɛrɔŋ
*ɛ/ɔC_ ɛ ɔ
hear *kɔmɛn kɔmɛnaːk(ɔ)mɔn

Mid front /*ɛ/ cooccurs freely with preceding low central vowel /*a/ without change in either language:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*ɛ/_Ca ɛ ɛ
wave(s) *ˈjɛːmbar jɛːmba jɛmbɛr
*ɛ/aC_ ɛ ɛ
say/speak*paˈrɛ parɛː prɛ
wing *ˈkamɛn kaːmɛn
sell *waˈrɛk warɛːq warɛk
gravel *ŋgawarɛˈrɛːŋkwarɛrɛ ŋkawarɛrɛ
nut *kʷiˈjarɛn kpʷjaːrɛn-piarɛn

In one example, mid front /*ɛ/ has become low central /a/ in Iha, perhaps due to the influence of following /*a/ in reduplication:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*ɛ/aC_ ɛ a
smallpox*wanɛn-wanɛnwanɛŋ-wanɛŋwanan-wanan

In another, also a reduplication, mid front /*ɛ/ becomes /a/ in Mbahaam:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*ɛ/aC_ a ɛ
flooring*kar-ˈkarɛnka-kaːranka-karɛn

Mid back rounded vowel /*ɔ/ in simple environments is retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
ɔ ɔ
sow *mɔs mɔːs mɔh
spittle/saliva*tɔp tɔp tɔp
hit/chop *tɔs tɔːs tɔh
breast *sɔn sɔːn hɔn ~ sɔn
excrement *kɔt kɔt
tinea *ɔˈpɔk (ɔ)bɔːk bɔk
raw *kɔˈŋgɔr kɔŋgɔː
stingray *pɔt-pɔt pɔt-pɔːt pɔt-pɔt
one *ɔkʷɔ[nɔ] ɔqɔnɔ
sit *tɔt-ˈtɔtɔm tɔ-tɔːdɔmtɔ-tɔdɔm
block *(tɔk-)ˈtɔkɔm(tɔk-)tɔktɔk-tɔkɔm

Mid back rounded /*ɔ/ cooccurs freely with high front vowel /*i/ without change in either language:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*ɔ/_Ci ɔ ɔ
good *ˈkʷɔsi kpʷɔːhi pɔhi
*ɔ/iC_ ɔ ɔ
thigh *t[iˈw]ɔn tʲuɔn tʲɔn
mosquito*kip-ˈkipɔnki-kiːbɔnki-kibɔn

Mid back rounded /*ɔ/ cooccurs freely with low central vowel /*a/ without change in either language:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*ɔ/_Ca ɔ ɔ
bone *ˈtɔkar tɔ(ː)qar tɔqar ~
tɔgar ~ tɔqɔr
sea snail *ˈndɔman ndɔːman ndɔman
crow *ŋgɔ[wa]rasŋgʷaras (?) gɔrah
*ɔ/aC_ ɔ ɔ
tree/wood *aˈtɔkʷ adɔ(ː)q ~ adɔqadɔp
thick *mbaˈŋgɔr mbaŋgɔːr mbaŋgɔr
sugar palm*ndaˈŋgʷɔm ndaŋgɔːm ndambɔm
cockroach *saˈŋgʷɔn saŋgʷɔːn hambɔn
cheek *kʷakɔr paqɔr pagɔr

When /*ɔ/ is preceded by a rounded velar stop /*kʷ *ŋgʷ/ or bilabial non-stop /*w/ , it is often realized with a high rounded onset [ᵘɔ] in Mbahaam. The resulting pattern is parallel to that of front falling diphthong /*ⁱɛ/ (below,) but is predictable by environment:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*ɔ/kʷ_ ᵘɔ [uɔ] ɔ
knife *kʷɔt kuɔt pɔt
*ɔ/ŋgʷ_ᵘɔ ɔ
banana*mɔŋgʷɔ muŋguɔ nɔŋbɔ
elbow *tɔŋgʷɔn tuŋgʷɔn ~
tuŋguwɔn
tɔŋmbɔn
*ɔ/w_ ᵘɔ [uɔ] ɔ
sky *wɔŋg wuɔŋ wɔŋ
tail *wɔr wuɔr wɔr
thigh *t[iˈw]ɔn tʲuɔn tʲɔn

When /*ɔ/ is followed by /*ŋgʷ/ …:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*ɔ/_ŋgʷᵘɔ ɔ
banana*mɔŋgʷɔ muŋguɔ nɔŋbɔ
elbow *tɔŋgʷɔn tuŋgʷɔntɔŋmbɔn

Low central vowel /*a/ in simple environments is retained as such in both languages:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*a a a
voice/language*mak maːq maq
skin *pak paːk pak
star/firefly *mbap mbap(-mbap)mbap
older sister *nan nan
fence *tap taːp tap
hand *tan tan
vagina *kar kaːr kar
3 pl. *wat -waːt wat
stone *war waːr war
younger sib *naka naqa naka ~ naga
sago flour *ˈndana ndaːna ndana
head *kaˈnda kndaː kanda
four *ŋgaˈra ŋgara
ten *kʷaˈra kpʷraː para
bracelet *ˈjana jaːna jana
palm/sole *p[a]ˈram praːm pram
twig/tendril *t[a]ˈrar traːr trar
loft/attic *ndaˈram ndraːm ndaram
moon *kaˈpas kabaːs kabah
sharp *kaˈŋgap kaŋgaːp kaŋgap
ginger *maŋg-maŋg maŋ-maŋ maŋ-maŋ
yawn *kam-kamar kam-kamar kam-kamar

When low central /*a/ is followed by high front /*i/ or front diphthongs /*ⁱɛ *ɛⁱ/ in the next syllable, it is fronted and raised to merge with mid front /ɛ/ in Iha:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*a/_Ci a ɛ
chest *ˈpatin -paːdin
seed *ˈkajis kajs ~ kais kɛih
cook/cooked*ˈkajir qaj kɛir
shoot *kaˈjir kaːj kɛiːr
Jew's harp *ŋgaˈsim ŋgahiːm ŋgɛhim
day *waŋgis wɛŋgih
bite *waˈrik wariːk wɛrik
sun *kaˈminV kamiːni kimina (?)
man/male *nami-sar nami-ha ~
nami-hɛ
nɛmɛ-har
torch *kajiˈwɔr kajɔːr kɛ(i)wɔr
*a/_Cⁱɛa ɛ
heavy *taˈŋgⁱɛr taŋgiːjɛr tɛŋgɛr
*a/_Cɛⁱø ɛ
trade *saˈrɛⁱ[k] sriː hɛrɛik

A number of exceptions are probably all loans, especially given their frequent cooccurrence with what would otherwise have to be reconstructed as consonant clusters in compounds:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*a/_Ci a a
fat/grease[*ˈmaji[m/n]]maːjm ~ maːim
mɛːjm ~ mɛːm
main
war [*kaˈmbir] kambiːr kambir
pinch [*kʷaCˈpis] kpʷapiːs papih
squash [*saˈmbiCtV] sambiːti hambita ~
hambitɛ
deceive [*naCˈkira] nakiːra nakira
breadfruit[*kaˈmandi] kamaːndi kamandi

Another may be immune to the raising and fronting of /*a/ because following /*i/ is destressed and optionally dropped in Iha:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*a/_Ci a a
sneeze*kaˈpasi kabaːi kabah(i)

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*a/_ŋgʷ a a
cockroach *saˈŋgʷɔn saŋgʷɔːn hambɔn
*a/_ŋgʷ ɔ a
kunai grass*kaˈŋgʷam kɔŋgʷaːm kambam
*a/_w ɔ ɔ a
eat *nawa nɔwa nɔwa ~ nawa-
*a/_w ø a
gravel *ŋgawarɛˈrɛː ŋkwarɛrɛ ŋkawarɛrɛ
land snail *ŋgaˈwarambuk(ŋ)gʷaːrambukŋgawarambuk

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*…
*…

In three Iha pronouns, a vowel which outcomparison both to Kalamang and to Timor-Alor-Pantar suggests to have been /*a/ and is reflected by /a/ in Mbahaam becomes mid back rounded /ɔ/ in Iha. No explanation for this discrepancy is offered here:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*[a/ɔ] a ɔ
3 sg.*m[a/ɔ] -mɔ
2 sg.*k[a/ɔ] -kɔ
1 sg.*[a/ɔ]n an(-duː)ɔn

Front falling diphthong /*ⁱɛ/ is merged with mid front vowel /ɛ/ in Iha:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*ⁱɛ ⁱɛ [iɛ ijɛ jɛ]ɛ
name *nⁱɛ nʲiɛ
stairs/ladder*nⁱɛŋg nʲijɛŋ nɛŋ
village *kʷⁱɛs kpʷjɛs pɛh
ear *kʷⁱɛr kpʷujɛr pɛr
blood *wⁱɛk wijɛk wɛk
cooked/ripe *iˈpⁱɛk ibijɛk ~ ibjɛk bɛk
open *s[i/ɛ]ˈŋgⁱɛksiŋgjɛːk hɛŋgɛk
heavy *taˈŋgⁱɛr taŋgiːjɛr tɛŋgɛr

Front rising diphthong /*ɛⁱ/ is merged with high front vowel /i/ in Mbahaam:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*ɛⁱ i ɛⁱ
louse*mɛⁱn miːn mɛin
skin *ŋgɛⁱn ŋgɛin
face *kɛˈmɛⁱr kmiːr kɛmɛir
trade*saˈrɛⁱ[k] sriː hɛrɛik

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*…
*…

… syllable loss ….

…:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*VC VC C
cooked/ripe*iˈpⁱɛk ibijɛk ~ ibjɛk bɛk
enemy/evil *ˈakʷɔrɔwu aːqrɔw ~ aːqrɔupɔrɔuw
tinea *ɔˈpɔk (ɔ)bɔːk bɔk
one *ɔkʷɔ[nɔ] ɔqɔnɔ

…:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha
*jVC jVC C
dog *jaˈmbar jambaːr mbiar
canoe*jaˈr[a] jaraː ~ jarɛːdʲa

…:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*CVC CVCC
cluster/bunch*[ˈtɛ]rɛm tɛːrɛm rɛm
*CVC C CVC
mouth *[mi]ˈsin sin mihin

…:

Mbahaam-Iha MbahaamIha
*…
block*tɔk-ˈtɔkɔm tɔk-tɔktɔk-tɔkɔm
grub *k[ɔ/u]s-
k[ɔ/u]sum
kus-kuskɔ-kɔhum

… reduplication …:

Mbahaam-Iha Mbahaam Iha
*CVC-CVC
ginger *maŋg-maŋg maŋ-maŋ maŋ-maŋ
stingray *pɔt-pɔt pɔt-pɔːt pɔt-pɔt
drum *tir-ˈtir ti-tiːr ti-tir
unripe *ˈkʷɛn-kʷɛn kpʷɛ(ː)n-kpʷɛnpɛn-pɛn
*CVCV-CVCV
star fruit *miri-miri miri-miri miri-miri
*CVC-CVCVC
sit *tɔt-ˈtɔtɔm tɔ-tɔːdɔm tɔ-tɔdɔm
block *tɔk-ˈtɔkɔm tɔk-tɔk tɔk-tɔkɔm
ridgepole(s)*tum-ˈtumbis tum-tuːmbis tum-tumbih
mosquito *kip-ˈkipɔn ki-kiːbɔn ki-kibɔn
yawn *kam-kamar kam-kamar kam-kamar
flooring *kar-ˈkarɛn ka-kaːran ka-karɛn
grub *k[ɔ/u]s-
k[ɔ/u]sum
kus-kus kɔ-kɔhum
*CVCVC-
CVCVC
diarrhoea *pɛˈrɛs-pɛˈrɛs prɛs-prɛs p(ɛ)rɛh-p(ɛ)rɛh
thin/flat *sɛˈkɛt-sɛkɛt sɛqɛː-hɛqɛ hɛgɛ-hɛgɛ(t)

…:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaamIha
*…
*…

Pronouns

[under construction]

Proto-Mbahaam-Iha free propnouns are reconstructed as follows, with Mbahaam attestations drawn from Flassy, Ruhukael and Rumbrawer (1984: 48-49, 1987: 94-96) and Iha from Flassy and Animung (68-69.) Since Iha's postposed possessors are derived from the original free pronouns, they are presented here alongside the nominative forms:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha Iha
free possessive
1 sg. *[a/ɔ]n an(-duː) ɔn -ɔn
2 sg. *k[a/ɔ] [tow ~ touw] -kɔ
3 sg. *m[a/ɔ] [kpʷaw] [mi] -mɔ
1 pl. excl.[*mbi] bi ~ mbi
1 pl. incl.*in un(-duː) in -in
2 pl. *ki ku-ju ki -ki
3 pl. *mi; *wat kinɛ-waːt
[maŋgaː]
wat -mi

Outcomparison both to Kalamang and to Timor-Alor-Pantar suggests the vowel in the singular forms to have been low central /*a/; why this has become mid back rounded /ɔ/ in Iha is unexplained. Iha's third person postposed possessors are the original roots, with plural /*mi/ having replaced /*m[a/ɔ] in the free form.

Mbahaam has two posessive contructions, inalienable and alienable, which continue elements of the prpto-West Bomberai system, and hence that of proto-Mbahaam-Iha as well. Inalienable possessors are as follows:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam
1 sg. inal.*… nɔm
2 sg. inal.*… tɔm
3 sg. inal.*… kam
1 pl. inal.*… nim
2 pl. inal.*… kim
3 pl. inal.*… kin

Mbahaam alienable possessors are as follows:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam
1 sg. al.*…
2 sg. al.*…
3 sg. al.*…
1 pl. al.*…
2 pl. al.*…
3 pl. al.*…

Verbal morphology

[under construction]


Loans from Austronesian languages

[under construction]

… with Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) forms drawn from Blust (CITE) … Only those loans found in both Mbahaam and Iha, in Mbahaam or Iha and another West Bomberai language or are fairly basic vocabulary are presented here:

PMP Indonesian [Mbahaam-Iha]Mbahaam Iha
smoke *ma-qasu[*masi] mahi
bark cloth *malaw [*mar] maːr mar
stingray *paʁih pari [*ˈpari] paːri pari
navel *pusəɡʲ pusar ~ pusat[*pusar] puhar
spear *bətuŋ [*mbɛCˈtun] mbɛtuːn mbɛtun
rice *bəʁas beras [*pasa] paha paha
stone *batu batu [*paCti] pati
pay *bayaɖ bajar [*pɛˈjɛr] pɛjɛːr pɛjɛr
bow *busuʁ busur [*mbus[ɛ]r] mpuhɛr
crocodile *buqaja buaja [*pijawa] piawa
coconut *niuʁ [*nɔwur] nɔwr ~ nɔur nɔur
island *nusa nusa [*nus[ɛ/a]] nuwɛː nɔha
three *təlu [*tɛri] tɛri
rope *talih tali [*taˈrɛ] tarɛ ~ tarɛːtarɛ
long time/old*tuqah tua [*tɔˈwɔ] tɔwɔː tɔwɔ
durian *duʁi-andurian [*ndulan] dulan dulan
comb *sisir sisir [*sisir] hihir
sea (strait) *səlat selat [*sɛˈlat] sɛlaːt sɛlat
outrigger *saʁəman[*ˈsamɛr] saːmɛr hamɛr
door [*…] kɛnʲɛmbuk kɛmbuŋ
lime *qapuʁ kapur [*kap…] kabʷɔr kɔbuk ~
kɔbɔuŋ
salt *qasiʁa [*ˈsira] siːra hira ~ tira
headrest *qalunan[*nununa] nununa nununa
rudder *qulin [*ˈuni] uːni uni
mango *wai [*wawa] wawa wɔwa
honey *wani [*wani[ja]] wɛna
mortar *lusuŋ lesuŋ [*rɔsum] rɔsum ~ rɔhurɔhum

Indonesian [Mbahaam-Iha] Mbahaam Iha
earringantiŋ *kʷⁱɛr [andin]kpʷɛːr-ɛndinpɛr-andin
plate piŋgan [*piŋgɛn] piŋgɛn piŋgɛ
cassavabeŋgala [*paŋgala] pa(ŋ)gala paŋgalah
tobaccotembakaᵘ [*taˈmbaCki] tambaːki
gecko tokek ~ toke[*ˈtɔCki] tɔki-tɔːki
ring tʃintʃin [*ndija[jɛ]n] dʲaɛn ndian

[Mbahaam-Iha] Mbahaam Iha
goat [*nɛk] nɛːk nɛk
dance [*nasula] nasula nahula
gunpowder[*sinijajir] sinʲai hinʲiɛr
cat [*ˈsiCka] siːka sika
palm wine[*s[a]kuɛr] saguɛr
trousers [*suŋga-suŋga]suŋga-suŋgahuŋ-huŋgɛ ~
huŋ-huŋga
fish net [*suˈwɛlat] suwɛːlat suwɛlat
mat [*kaliˈlipan] kaliliban kɛlipan
iron [*kuˈmu[ŋg]] kumuːŋ kumu
bamboo [*wam[ɛ]] wamɛ
hornbill [*waˈmɔr] wamɔːr wamar
clothes [*ˈlandan] laːndan landan
hammer [*ˈrɛsɛ[n/t]] rɛːhɛn rɛhɛt
turmeric [*ˈramɛs] raːmɛs ramɛh



In addition to these … According to Cottet (2015: 9-10) speakers of Bedoanas (Kambran,) Arokwanas (Yarik) and Mbaruan claim to have been originally Mbahaam who adopted an Austronesian language upon their migration northward to the Berau coast, while Arguni speakers descend from the original Austronesian stock … with Onin, Sekar, Kambran and Yarik attestations drawn from Donohue (2010) and Arguni from Narfafan (2011):

Mbahaam-Iha MbahaamIha Onin Sekar ArguniKambran
sweet potato[*siawi (?)]sʲaɔw sʲɛi siˈapisiˈabi
drum *tir-ˈtir ti-tiːrti-tir? ˈtitir? titir

…:

Mbahaam-IhaMbahaam Iha Onin Sekar ArguniKambran
louse *mɛⁱn miːn mɛin imín
sago flour*ˈndana ndaːna ndana ˈdana ˈndan ndan
fish *ˈsɛjir sɛj(i)r hɛir saˈi saˈi sajr sai
mosquito *kip-ˈkipɔnki-kiːbɔnki-kibɔnˈkifɪn
knife *kʷɔt kuɔt pɔt ʔuˈwotˈuwot
house [*wiri] wiri ˈwidi
axe *ˈwɛwas wɛːwas wɛwa ˈwewaˈwewa ˈwewe