Dawi River

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

Situation

The Dawi River family is comprised of two languages, Komyandaret (Taret, Komyedalin) and Tsaukambo (Tsakwambo,) spoken in four villages along and around the lower Dawi River in Indonesia's Papua province, between the Becking to the west and the Sauw (Tsaw) in the east (Hughes 2009: 2, 4, de Vries 2012: 165, 166-167, 178 after Baas.)

Subclassification

The internal classification of Dawi River is as follows:

Dawi River

Komyandaret

Tsaukambo

Hughes (2009: 3) calculates a lexicostatistical figure of 57% between Komyandaret and Tsaukambo, with a lexical similarity analysis by Sohn is reported to have given 61%. De Vries (2012: 189) suggests that they may be dialects of a single language.

Sources

Baas (1981) Tsakwambo (unobtained)

Versteeg (1983) Tsawkwambo (unobtained)

Hughes (2009: 27-37) 237 comparative terms for Komyandaret of Danokit village and Tsaukambo of Waiburu

de Vries (2012 ibid.) Tsaukambo after Baas (1981) with comparisons to Korowai

Historical phonology

[under construction]

Proto-Dawi River had 15 consonants and 6 vowels as follows:

*m *n
*b *d *g
*mb *nd *ŋg
*s *x *h
*w *l *j
*i *u
*e̝ *o̝
*a



Root-finally, two archiphonemes occur, /*N/, which reflects Becking and Dawi Rivers final nasals /*m *n/, and /*C/, which reflects voiceless stops /*p *t *k/:

*N
*C



Initial consonants correspond as follows:

Dawi River Komyandaret Tsaukambo
*m-
*n-
*ɸ-
*s-
*x-
*h-
*b-
*d-
*g-
*ŋg-
*w-
*l-
*j-

Medial consonants correspond as follows:

Dawi River Komyandaret Tsaukambo
*-m-
*-n-
*-t-
*-x-
*-b-
*-d-
*-nd-
*-ŋg-
*-w-
*-l-
*-j-

Final consonants correspond as follows:

Dawi River Komyandaret Tsaukambo
*-N
*-C

Vowels and diphthongs correspond as follows:

Dawi River Komyandaret Tsaukambo
*i
*u
*e̝
*o̝
*a
*…
*…
*…

These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with attestations drawn from Hughes (2009: 27-37) and from de Vries (2012 ibid. after Baas 1981.)

For clarity, our presentation is divided into four sections, beginning with initial and medial consonants, followed by final consonants, then prenasalized stops and consonant clusters, then vowels and diphthongs. Fricatives /*ɸ *s *x *h/ are ordered before voiced stops /*b *d *g/ because they are historically reflexes of voiceless /*p *t *k *s/.


Bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in both languages:

Dawi River Komyandaret TsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*m- m m m
drink *mi -min -miʔ
star *minɔC miˈnɔʔ miˈnɔʔ
hand/arm *me̝C miʔ miʔ
fire *me̝liC məˈliʔ meˈli məˈliʔ
dog *me̝jaN mʲæː mjæː
grandmother *maC -mɑ -ma -mæ
hot *mamuN mɑ'mɯ 'mæmɯ
ant sp. *m[a]muC mɜˈmuʔ
younger brother*maCxa -ˈmɑkɑ -ma'ka -ˈmɑkɑ
mother's br. *mɔN
ant *mɔmuC mɜˈmuʔ
younger sister *mɔdɔC -ˈmɔdɔʔ -mɔdɔ -mɔˈdɔʔ
two *mɔmɔne̝C mɔːmɨˈnɛ mɔːmɔni mɔməˈniʔ
behind *mɔxɔme̝ mɔxɔmɛ-ˈnɑ mɔˈhɔmi
father's sister*mo̝[C] -mu
old *mu mɯː-ħɑħɑ
in front *mu mɯ- mɯ-
*-m- m m m
2 pl. adhort. *-mVN -mV
wash *axamɔ- ʔaːmɔː- æˈʕæmɔ
hot *mamuN mɑˈmɯ ˈmæmɯ
two *mɔmɔne̝C mɔːmɨˈnɛ mɔːmɔni mɔməˈniʔ
ant *mɔmuC mɜˈmuʔ
behind *mɔxɔme̝ mɔxɔmɛ-ˈnɑ mɔˈhɔmi
blow *ɸo̝mɔ- ˈɸuːmɔ
split (wood) *bamɔ- bæmɔ-
bamboo *damɔC ndɑˈmɔʔ ɖɑˈmoʔ
how many? *ndɔ-mɔn- 'ndɨ-mɔn-ɨnɔ ndɔ-mən-ˈænɔʔ
smoke *se̝mu -ˈtəmɯ -ˈtɤmu
bunch/packet *samɔN -ˈsɑmɔ
far *samɔC-sale̝sæmɔ-ˈtælɛ sɑmɔ-ˈtɑli
crocodile *sɔmaⁱC sɨˈmɯij sɔˈmɜj
search *xawumɔ- χɑɯmɔ- ˈhɑumɔ-
die *xɔmi- əˈmi- hɔmi- hɔˈmi-
bandicoot *jami[C] jæˈmiː
weep/cry *jamɔ- jæmɔː- jæmɔ-
tie *jamu- jæmiː- ˈjæmɯ

Apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in both languages:

Dawi RiverKomyandaret Tsakwambo Tsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*n- n n n
mother *ni -ni -ni -ni
friend *ne̝ne̝xɔ nɔˈnɔᵘ nɛˈnɛh
woman *ne̝ŋg[ei]nəɴɢɨj nɛːˈɴɢej
rattan/rope *naN næː ~ nɑː
brother-in-law*nabo̝[C] nabu
1 pl. *naxo̝C nˁɑu nau ~ nahunɑˈwuʔ
flesh *nɔC nɔʔ
index f./four *nɔndɔ nɔnˈdoː- nɔndɔ nɔnˈdɔ-
1 sg. *no̝C nɔˈnu nu nuːʔ
*-n- n n n
ashes *anɔN ʔæˈnɔh ʔæˈnɔ
snake *anɔC æˈnɔʔ æˈnɔ æˈnɔʔ
number *-anɔC -ænɔʔ ~ -ɑnɔʔ-anɔ -ænɔʔ ~ -ɑnɔʔ
star *minɔC miˈnɔʔ miˈnɔʔ
two *mɔmɔne̝C mɔːmɨˈnɛ mɔːmɔni mɔməˈniʔ
mountain *ɸaniC ˈɸæniʔ ɸæˈniʔ
friend *ne̝ne̝xɔ nɔˈnɔᵘ nɛˈnɛh
how many? *ndɔ-mɔn- ˈndɨ-mɔn-ɨnɔ ndɔ-mən-ˈænɔʔ
cough *xɔnuN hɨˈnɯ hɔːnu-
cassowary *haniC hæˈniʔ ˈhəːniʔ
mosquito *hɔmbinɔC hɨmbiˈnoʔ hɔmbiˈnɔ
tired *hɔnuC hɜˈnɯtɪʔ hɔnuti-ti
person *janɔC jæˈnɔʔ jæˈnɔʔ

Bilabial fricative /*ɸ/ occurs only root-initially in native words,where it is retained as such in both languages:

Dawi RiverKomyandaretTsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*ɸ- ɸ ɸ ɸ
name *ɸi ɸiː ɸiː
rain (v.) *ɸe̝N- ɸem- ɸi-
new *ɸaC ɸæʔ-mɔˈneʔ 'ɸæːkæ
mountain *ɸaniC ˈɸæniʔ ɸæˈniʔ
one *ɸaC-diC ˈɸæ-diʔ ɸaʔdi ɸæ-ˈliʔ
come *ɸadi- ɸæːdi ɸadi- ɸædi
give *ɸVle̝- ɸɔˈl̪ɛ- -ɸæˈlɛ
eye *ɸɔ-jɔC ɸɔ-ˈjɔ ɸɔ-ˈjɔ
blow *ɸo̝mɔ- 'ɸuːmɔ
wind/sky *ɸo̝C ɸuː ɸu ɸɔˈβu ~ ɸu-
hair/feather*ɸo̝C ɸuʔ ~ ɸu ɸuʔ
liver (?) *ɸ[o̝][C] ɸuʔ
cuscus sp. *ɸuwɔN βuˈɔ̃ (?)

Becking and Dawi Rivers medial /*ɸ/ has merged with non-stop /*w/ (below.) One example with medial /ɸ/ is a loan from Indonesian /kapak/:

Dawi RiverKomyandaretTsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*-ɸ- ɸ ɸ
axe*xaɸaC ʔɑˈɸɑʔ hɑɸɑʔ

Fricative /*s/ is found only root-initially:

Dawi River Komyandaret TsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*s- s [s ts]s s [s ʃ]
walk *sidɔ- sidɨ- siːˈdɔ-
stand *s[i]ja- sɨˈæ- siˈjæ-
sago *sijɔ sʲɔː ʃiɔ
ant sp. *se̝be̝ tsɛˈbɛ
wake up *se̝ba- sebæ- sebæ-
yellow *se̝jɔN sɛːn-dɛˈbɔ ʃiɔŋ-giˈjɑ
long *se̝jɔC sɨˈjɜ-kɨjɑ sɨjɔ-ˈkijɑ
bunch/packet *samɔN -ˈsɑmɔ
far *samɔC-sale̝sæmɔ-ˈtælɛ sɑmɔ-ˈtɑli
upper arm/nine*sabo̝[C] ʔtsɑbu- sabu sæbu-
cuscus sp. *saxiC sæˈʕi
wet *saxuC ˈsʕɑɯ-ti- ˈsɑʕu-ti-
forearm/seven *sawɔ(l) sæwɔl̪-ænɔʔ sabɔ sæˈbɔl-ænɔʔ
bad *sal[u]C sɑˈlɯ-tə-
leech *sajɔ sɨˈjɔ
forest *sɔC sɔʔ
crocodile *sɔmaⁱC sɨˈmɯij sɔˈmɜj
sun *so̝C tsuː suʔ

Initial velar fricative /*x/ is usually deoccluded to [h] in Tsaukambo, and is in the late stages of merging with the reflex of unoccluded /*h/ (below.) In Komyandaret, it isusually realized as glottal stop [ʔ ø] but occasionally as a uvular fricative [χ ɢ] :

Dawi RiverKomyandaret Tsakwambo Tsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*x- x [χ ɢ ʔ ø] x [h x] x [h]
skin/bark*xaC χæ ~ -hæ ha
head *xabe̝jaN ʔæˈbjæ habja hɑbiˈɑ
tail *xande̝C ʔɛnˈdiʔ hɜnˈdiʔ
red *xawuN χɜɯn-dɯbo hɑᵘŋ-ˈgijɑ
search *xawumɔ- χɑɯmɔ- ˈhɑumɔ-
mouth *xalɔC hɑlɔ-ˈtɔʔ
taro *xaji ˈʔæji hɜːj
arrow *xajɔ ʔæˈjɔː hɑⁱˈjɔ
white *xajɔ χæjɔ-χɨˈjɑ
ear *xɔC-sɔC ʔɔ-ˈtɔ ~ ʔɔ-ˈtɔʔ hɔ-tɔ ~ xɔ-tɔhɔ-ˈtɔ
die *xɔmi- əˈmi- hɔmi- hɔˈmi-
foot/leg *xɔbu ʔəˈbɯ hɔˈbu
knife *xɔmbuC -ˈχɔmbɯ hɔmˈbuʔ
cough *xɔnuN hɨˈnɯ hɔːnu-
belly *xɔndo̝[C]ʔɔnˈdu hɑndu-
bone *xɔlɔ ʔɔˈl̪wɔ hɔlɔ hɔˈlɔ
sago tree*xɔlu ɢɔˈlɯ hoˈlu
there *xɔluC ʔoˈl̪u- ~ ʔɔˈluː-
sky/cloud*x[o̝]C -ʔoᵘ

Root-medial /*x/ …:

Dawi RiverKomyandaret Tsakwambo Tsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*-x- x [x h g ø]x [h ø]x [ʔ ʕ]
wash *axamɔ- ʔaːmɔː- æˈʕæmɔ
behind *mɔxɔme̝ mɔxɔmɛ-ˈnɑ mɔˈhɔmi
friend *ne̝ne̝xɔ nɔˈnɔᵘ nɛˈnɛh
1 pl. *naxo̝C nˁɑu nau ~ nahu nɑˈwuʔ
cuscus sp. *saxiC sæˈʕi
wet *saxuC ˈsʕɑɯ-ti- ˈsɑʕu-ti-
garden *… sɑlˈdɯɔʔ sɔʕɜldiʉʔ
2 pl. *gaxo̝C gɑˈguʔ (?) gau gɑuʔ
bamboo knife*wax[i] wɑˈɑ̱e-
left *waxaN-sɔCˈwɑːn-dɔʔ wæˈʔæn-dɔʔ
moon *waxɔ ˈwɑɔh ɥœ
see *jaxale̝- jæl̪ɨ- jæʕæli-
3 pl. *jaxo̝C jau jɑuʔ
dig *jaxuN- jæɯ- ˈjæʔɯ

…:

Dawi River Komyandaret TsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*xij- xij [dʒ] xij [dʒ]
be deaf*xijalɔ- ˈdʒɑl̪ɨ- ˈdʒælɔ-
*-xij- xij [dʒ]
tall *ŋgɔlɔ-xijaˈŋgɾɔ-dʒɑ

Unoccluded fricative /*h/ is found only root-initially:

Dawi RiverKomyandaretTsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*h- h h h [h ħ]
tongue *he̝C hɜj hɜʝʔ
roof *he̝C hɜʔ
scratch *he̝nde̝ ˈħindi
what? *he̝ŋga- ˈhɨŋgæ- həŋˈgæ-
afraid *he̝li- hɨˈl̪i-de- hɨli-ˈdɛ-
cross-child*ha- -ha-
near *haⁱN-sɔC hɨn-ˈdɔ hʌjn-ˈdɔʔ
cassowary *haniC hæˈniʔ ˈhəːniʔ
fingernail *handaC -ˈændæ hɑˈndɑʔ
pinkie *haŋgalaC hæŋgɑˈɾɑ hɛŋgəla hæŋgɑlɑ-
tooth *hɔbiC hɜˈbiː hɔˈbi
mosquito *hɔmbinɔC hɨmbiˈnoʔ hɔmbiˈnɔ
tired *hɔnuC hɜˈnɯ-tɪʔ hɔnu-ti-ti

Bilabial voiced stop /*b/ is retained as such in both languages. Initial /*b/ is sometimes realized as prenasalized [mb]:

Dawi RiverKomyandaret TsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*b- b [b ɓ mb]b b [b mb]
lip(s) *bija bjæ bjɑː-ˈhɑ
coconut *bijɔN bʲɔ̱ː 'mbiɔ
leaf *be̝C -ɓiː -biʔ
fly *be̝di- bɨdi- bɨli-
sit *ba- bæ- bæ-
split (wood) *bamɔ- bæmɔ-
blunt/dull *b[a]ŋgɔ mbɔŋgɔ-
big *baliN mbæˈl̪iŋ- bæˈliŋ-giʝæ
mud *baluN mbæˈlu
bow *baji ɓɨˈi bɨːj
jaw *bɔN-xɔlɔ bɔŋ-gɔˈlɔ
elbow/eight *bɔŋgo̝C bɔŋgu ~-ˈɓuŋgubɔŋgu bɔŋgu ~-buŋgu
village *bɔluC mbɔˈlɯ ~ ɓɔˈlɯ bɔˈlɯʔ
*-b- b b b
1 sg./pl. perf.*-ba-le̝ -ba-li
2/3 sg. perf. *-bɔ -bɔ -bɔ -bɔ
interrogative *-bu -bɯ -bɯ
son *abu -aˈbɯ -aby
brother-in-law *nabo̝[C] nabu
night *dɔbu -dəˈbɯ dɔˈbu
ant sp. *se̝be̝ tsɛˈbɛ
wake up *se̝ba- sebæ- sebæ-
upper arm/nine *sabo̝[C] ʔtsɑbu- sabu sæbu-
head *xabe̝jaN ʔæˈbjæ habja hɑbiˈɑ
foot/leg *xɔbu ʔəˈbɯ hɔˈbu
knee *gabuN gæˈɓu gɑːˈbuŋ-
tooth *hɔbiC hɜˈbiː hɔˈbi
rat *jaba jeˈbɑ jæˈbæ

Apical voiced stop /*d/ …:

Dawi RiverKomyandaret Tsakwambo Tsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*d- d [d nd] d d
root *diC -diː
middle f./three*di(l) diːɾ- -di ~ dir-dil-
cloud/cloud/sky*de̝C diʔ
bird *de̝C d̪iː ndej
banana *de̝jɔC dɨˈjɔː d̪eˈʝɔ
bamboo *damɔC ndɑˈmɔʔ ɖɑˈmoʔ
swim *dadu- dædɯː- ˈdædɯ
hear/know *daje̝- dɜje- dɨj-
burn (intr.) *dɔ- -dɔː- -doː-
night *dɔbu -dəˈbɯ dɔˈbu
tree *dɔlu[C] ndɔˈluh ~ ndolu-dɔly dɔːˈlɯ
penis *d[o̝]l- dɜᵘlʲ- dul-
netbag *duN
*-d- d d d
younger sister *mɔdɔC -ˈmɔdɔʔ -mɔdɔ -mɔˈdɔʔ
come *ɸadi- ɸæːdi ɸadi- ɸædi
fly *be̝di- bɨdi- bɨli-
walk *sidɔ- sidɨ- siːˈdɔ-
swim *dadu- dædɯː- ˈdædɯ

Velar voiced stop /*g/ occurs only initially, where it is retained as such in both languages:

Dawi RiverKomyandaretTsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*g- g [g ɢ]g g
wrist/six*… ɠɤdɯn- gjɯlɯn-
nose *ge̝liC ɢəˈli gəˈli
knee *gabuN gæˈɓu gɑːˈbuŋ-
2 pl. *gaxo̝C gɑˈguʔ gau gɑuʔ
pig *gɔC gʷɔ gɔː
louse *go̝C guː guː
2 sg. *go̝C gɔguˈʔɜ gu guʔ
*-g-

Medial velar prenasalized stop /*ŋg/ might be considered an allophone of /*g/, as they are nearly in complimentary distribution, except that voiced stops /*b *d/ now contrast with prenasalized /*mb *nd/, so such an equivalence would be systemically awkward, and there is at least one example of initial /*ŋg/ (below.)

Bilabial non-stop /*w/ is retained as such in both languages:

Dawi RiverKomyandaret TsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*w- w w w [w ɥ]
bamboo knife *wax[i] wɑˈɑ̱e-
left *waxaN-sɔCˈwɑːn-dɔʔ wæˈʔæn-dɔʔ
moon *waxɔ ˈwɑɔh ɥœ
man *wawiC wɑˈβiʔ wæˈwiʔ
earth/ground *walaC wəl̪ɑ ~ wɔˈlɑ wala wɑˈlɑ
thumb/five *wajɔ wæj- wajɔ wæj-
excrement *wɔ wɔː
house *wɔC wɔ- wɔʔ
egg *w[u]liN -ˈwuli wɨˈli
*-w- w [w ɥ β ø]w w [w ɥ ø]
1 pl. adhort.*-wVN -wV
older brother*awe̝ -ɑˈɥe -awi -æˈɥi
older sister *awu -ɑˈɥɯ -aw -ɑˈu
cuscus sp. *ɸuwɔN βuˈɔ̃
fish *ndɔwɔ ndɔˈwɔ ˈndɔwɔ
red *xawuN χɜɯn-dɯbo hɑᵘŋ-ˈgijɑ
search *xawumɔ- χɑɯmɔ- ˈhɑumɔ-
man *wawiC wɑˈβiʔ wæˈwiʔ
right (side) *jVwiC-sɔCjəˈwi-tɔʔ jəˈwi-tɔʔ
breadfruit *jawɔC jaˈwɔʔ jaˈwɔʔ

…:

Dawi RiverKomyandaretTsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*-w-
forearm/seven*sawɔ(l) sæwɔl̪-ænɔʔsabɔ sæˈbɔl-ænɔʔ

Apical non-stop /*l/ …:

Dawi River Komyandaret TsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*l-
eat *le̝- ʔæːl̪eː- liʲ-
daughter *la -la
*-l- l l l
bathe *alu- ʔæːlɯ- ʔælɯ-
fire *me̝liC məˈliʔ meˈli məˈliʔ
give *ɸVle̝- ɸɔˈl̪ɛ- -ɸæˈlɛ
big *baliN mbæˈl̪iŋ-giˈɑ bæˈliŋ-giʝæ
1 sg./pl. perf.*-ba-le̝ -ba-li
mud *baluN mbæˈlu
village *bɔluC mbɔˈlɯ ~ ɓɔˈlɯ bɔˈlɯʔ
middle f./three*dil- diːɾ- dir- dil-
tree *dɔlu[C] ndɔˈluh ~ ndolu- dɔly dɔːˈlɯ
penis *d[o̝]l- dɜᵘlʲ- dul-
blood *se̝liC sɨˈliʔ sɜˈliʔ
far *samɔC-sale̝sæmɔ-ˈtælɛ sɑmɔ-ˈtɑli
bad *sal[u]C sɑˈlɯ-tə-
be deaf *xijalɔ- ˈdʒɑl̪ɨ- ˈdʒælɔ-
mouth *xalɔC hɑlɔ-ˈtɔʔ
bone *xɔlɔ ʔɔˈl̪wɔ hɔlɔ hɔˈlɔ
sago tree *xɔlu ɢɔˈlɯ hoˈlu
there *xɔluC ʔoˈl̪u- ~ ʔɔˈluː-
nose *ge̝liC ɢəˈli gəˈli
tall *ŋgɔlɔ ˈŋgɾɔ-dʒɑ
afraid *he̝li- hɨˈl̪i-de- hɨli-ˈdɛ-
pinkie *haŋgalaC hæŋgɑˈɾɑ hɛŋgəla hæŋgɑlɑ-
earth/ground *walaC wəl̪ɑ ~ wɔˈlɑ wala wɑ'lɑ
egg *w[u]liN -ˈwuli wɨˈli
see *jaxale̝- jæl̪ɨ- jæʕæli-

Palatal non-stop /*j/ …:

Dawi RiverKomyandaretTsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*j- j j
right (side)*jVwiC-sɔCjəˈwi-tɔʔ jəˈwi-tɔʔ
lie down *ja- jæ- jæ-
who? *ja- ˈjæ- -jæ-
bandicoot *jami[C] jæˈmiː
weep/cry *jamɔ- jæmɔː- jæmɔ-
tie *jamu- jæmiː- ˈjæmɯ
rat *jaba jeˈbɑ jæˈbæ
person *janɔC jæˈnɔʔ jæˈnɔʔ
see *jaxale̝- jæl̪ɨ- jæʕæli-
3 pl. *jaxo̝C jau jɑuʔ
dig *jaxuN- jæɯ- ˈjæʔɯ
breadfruit *jawɔC jaˈwɔʔ jaˈwɔʔ
seed *jɔC -jɔ -jɔ jɔː
husband *jo̝N juɴ gɔ-ˈju
3 sg. *jo̝C jɜ- ju jʊʔ
*-j- j j
thorn *ajiN ˈʔæji ˈʔɑj
dog *me̝jaN mʲæː mjæː
lip(s) *bija bjæ bjɑː-ˈhɑ
coconut *bijɔN bʲɔ̱ː 'mbiɔ
bow *baji ɓɨˈi bɨːj
banana *de̝jɔC dɨˈjɔː d̪eˈʝɔ
hear/know *daje̝- dɜje- dɨj-
stand *s[i]ja- sɨˈæ- siˈjæ-
sago *sijɔ sʲɔː ʃiɔ
yellow *se̝jɔN sɛːn-dɛˈbɔ ʃiɔŋ-giˈjɑ
long *se̝jɔC sɨˈjɜ-kɨjɑ sɨjɔ-ˈkijɑ
leech *sajɔ sɨˈjɔ
be deaf *xijalɔ- ˈdʒɑl̪ɨ- ˈdʒælɔ-
taro *xaji ˈʔæji hɜːj
arrow *xajɔ ʔæˈjɔː hɑⁱˈjɔ
white *xajɔ χæjɔ-χɨˈjɑ
thumb/five *wajɔ wæj- wajɔ wæj-

Final consonants ….

Final nasal archiphoneme /*N/ …:

Dawi RiverKomyandaretTsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*-N
breast *aN ʔæː æ ʔæ
ashes *anɔN ʔæˈnɔh ʔæˈnɔ
thorn *ajiN ˈʔæji ˈʔɑj
liver *ɔᵘN ʔoᵘ
2 pl. adhort.*-mVN -mV
dog *me̝jaN mʲæː mjæː
hot *mamuN mɑˈmɯ ˈmæmɯ
mother's br. *mɔN
cuscus sp. *ɸuwɔN βuˈɔ̃
coconut *bijɔN bʲɔ̱ː ˈmbiɔ
mud *baluN mbæˈlu
rattan/rope *naN næː ~ nɑː
netbag *duN
bunch/packet *samɔN -ˈsɑmɔ
head *xabe̝jaN ʔæˈbjæ habja hɑbiˈɑ
clan *xaC-so̝N -xatu
red *xawuN χɜɯn-dɯbo hɑᵘŋ-ˈgijɑ
cough *xɔnuN hɨˈnɯ hɔːnu-
knee *gabuN gæˈɓu gɑːˈbuŋ-
1 pl. adhort.*-wVN -wV
egg *w[u]liN -ˈwuli wɨˈli
husband *jo̝N juɴ gɔ-ˈju

Final stop archiphoneme /*C/ is realized word-finally as a glottal stop [*ʔ]. This is sometimes not heard in one or both languages, and is absent from de Vries' recapitulations of Baas' transcriptions altogether. Where /*C/ is not directly indicated by family-internal data, its presences rests upon outcomparison, usually to Becking River forms:

Dawi RiverKomyandaret Tsakwambo Tsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*-C ʔ [ʔ ø] ʔ [ʔ ø]
canoe *aⁱC ʔɑˈiʔ ʔɑj
water *aC ʔɑ ~ ʔæ ~ -ɜʔ ʔæʔ ~ -ɑʔ
snake *anɔC æˈnɔʔ æˈnɔ æˈnɔʔ
number *-anɔC -ænɔʔ ~ -ɑnɔʔ -anɔ -ænɔʔ ~ -ɑnɔʔ
star *minɔC miˈnɔʔ miˈnɔʔ
hand/arm *me̝C miʔ miʔ
fire *me̝liC məˈliʔ meˈli məˈliʔ
grandmother *maC -mɑ -ma -mæ
two *mɔmɔne̝C mɔːmɨˈnɛ mɔːmɔni mɔməˈniʔ
ant *mɔmuC mɜˈmuʔ
younger sister*mɔdɔC -ˈmɔdɔʔ -mɔdɔ -mɔˈdɔʔ
mountain *ɸaniC ˈɸæniʔ ɸæˈniʔ
one *ɸaC-diC ˈɸæ-diʔ ɸaʔdi ɸæ-ˈliʔ
hair/feather *ɸo̝C ɸuʔ ~ ɸu ɸuʔ
wind/sky *ɸo̝C ɸuː ɸu ɸɔˈβu ~ ɸu-
leaf *be̝C -ɓiː -biʔ
elbow/eight *bɔŋgo̝C bɔŋgu ~-ˈɓuŋgu bɔŋgu bɔŋgu ~-buŋgu
village *bɔluC mbɔˈlɯ ~ ɓɔˈlɯ bɔˈlɯʔ
father *mbaC mbɑʔ mba mbɑʔ
1 pl. *naxo̝C nˁɑu nau ~ nahu nɑˈwuʔ
flesh *nɔC nɔʔ
1 sg. *no̝C nɔˈnu nu nuːʔ
root *diC -diː
cloud/sky *de̝C diʔ
bird *de̝C d̪iː ndej
banana *de̝jɔC dɨˈjɔː d̪eˈʝɔ
bamboo *damɔC ndɑˈmɔʔ ɖɑˈmoʔ
blood *se̝liC sɨˈliʔ sɜˈliʔ
cuscus sp. *saxiC sæˈʕi
forest *sɔC sɔʔ
crocodile *sɔmaⁱC sɨˈmɯij sɔˈmɜj
sun *so̝C tsuː suʔ
skin/bark *xaC χæ ~ -hæ ha
tail *xande̝C ʔɛnˈdiʔ hɜnˈdiʔ
knife *xɔmbuC -ˈχɔmbɯ hɔmˈbuʔ
ear *xɔC-sɔC ʔɔ-ˈtɔ ~ ʔɔ-ˈtɔʔ hɔ-tɔ ~ xɔ-tɔhɔ-ˈtɔ
there *xɔluC ʔoˈl̪u- ~ ʔɔˈluː-
sky/cloud *x[o̝]C -ʔoᵘ
tongue *he̝C hɜj hɜʝʔ
roof *he̝C hɜʔ
cassowary *haniC hæˈniʔ ˈhəːniʔ
fingernail *handaC -ˈændæ hɑˈndɑʔ
pinkie *haŋgalaC hæŋgɑˈɾɑ hɛŋgəla hæŋgɑlɑ-
tooth *hɔbiC hɜˈbiː hɔˈbi
mosquito *hɔmbinɔC hɨmbiˈnoʔ hɔmbiˈnɔ
tired *hɔnuC hɜˈnɯtɪʔ hɔnuti-ti
nose *ge̝liC ɢəˈli gəˈli
2 pl. *gaxo̝C gɑˈguʔ gau gɑuʔ
pig *gɔC gʷɔ gɔː
louse *go̝C guː guː
2 sg. *go̝C gɔguˈʔɜ gu guʔ
man *wawiC wɑˈβiʔ wæˈwiʔ
earth/ground *walaC wəl̪ɑ ~ wɔˈlɑ wala wɑˈlɑ
house *wɔC wɔ- wɔʔ
person *janɔC jæˈnɔʔ jæˈnɔʔ
1 pl. *naxo̝C nˁɑu nau ~ nahu nɑˈwuʔ
3 pl. *jaxo̝C jau jɑuʔ
breadfruit *jawɔC jaˈwɔʔ jaˈwɔʔ
seed *jɔC -jɔ -jɔ jɔː
3 sg. *jo̝C jɜ- ju jʊʔ

Prenasalized stops /*mb *nd *ŋg/ …

Bilabial prenasalized stop /*mb/ is uncommon. It is retained as such in both languages:

Dawi RiverKomyandaret TsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*mb- mb [mb b]mb mb
father *mbaC mbɑʔ mba mbɑʔ
*-mb- mb mb
sand *ambu ˈʔæmbɯ æmˈbu
knife *xɔmbuC -ˈχɔmbɯ hɔmˈbuʔ
mosquito*hɔmbinɔC hɨmbiˈnoʔ hɔmbiˈnɔ

Apical prenasalized stop /*nd/ …:

Dawi RiverKomyandaretTsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*nd- nd nd
where? *ndɔ- ndɨ- ndɔ
fish *ndɔwɔ ndɔˈwɔ ˈndɔwɔ
*-nd- nd nd nd
index f./four*nɔndɔ nɔnˈdoː- nɔndɔ nɔnˈdɔ-
tail *xande̝C ʔɛnˈdiʔ hɜnˈdiʔ
belly *xɔndo̝[C]ʔɔnˈdu hɑndu-
scratch *he̝nde̝ ˈħindi
fingernail *handaC -ˈændæ hɑˈndɑʔ

Velar prenasalized stop /*ŋg/ …:

Dawi RiverKomyandaret TsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*ŋg- ŋg
tall *ŋgɔlɔ ˈŋgɾɔ-dʒɑ
*-ŋg- ŋg [ŋg ɴɢ]ŋg ŋg [ŋg ɴɢ]
blunt/dull *b[a]ŋgɔ mbɔŋgɔ-
elbow/eight*bɔŋgo̝C bɔŋgu ~-ˈɓuŋgubɔŋgu bɔŋgu ~-buŋgu
woman *ne̝ŋg[ei]nəɴɢɨj nɛːˈɴɢej
what? *he̝ŋga- ˈhɨŋgæ- həŋˈgæ-
pinkie *haŋgalaC hæŋgɑˈɾɑ hɛŋgəla hæŋgɑlɑ-

Consonant clusters ….

… /*Ns/ …:

Dawi River KomyandaretTsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*-N-s- [nd]nd nd
near*haⁱN-sɔC hɨn-ˈdɔ hʌjn-ˈdɔʔ
left*waxaN-sɔC ˈwɑːn-dɔʔ wæˈʔæn-dɔʔ

…:

Dawi River Komyandaret TsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*-N-x- [ŋg]ŋg ŋg
big *baliN-xija mbæˈl̪iŋ-giˈɑ bæˈliŋ-giʝæ
jaw *bɔN-xɔlɔ bɔŋ-gɔˈlɔ
yellow*se̝jɔN-xija ʃiɔŋ-giˈjɑ
red *xawuN-xija hɑᵘŋ-ˈgijɑ
knee *gabuN-xɔlɔ gɑːˈbuŋ-gɔlɔ

Medial apical voiceless stop [*t] indicates a cluster /*Cs/:

Dawi River Komyandaret Tsakwambo Tsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*-C-s- [t] [t] [t]
hold *aC-siN ʔætiː- æti
smoke *me̝liC-se̝muməli-ˈtəmɯ məli-ˈtɤmu
far *samɔC-sale̝ sæmɔ-ˈtælɛ sɑmɔ-ˈtɑli
wet *saxuC-se̝C ˈsʕɑɯ-ti- ˈsɑʕu-ti-
bad *saluC-se̝C sɑˈlɯ-tə-
clan *xaC-so̝N -xatu
mouth *xalɔC-sɔC hɑlɔ-ˈtɔʔ
ear *xɔC-sɔC ʔɔ-ˈtɔ ~ ʔɔ-ˈtɔʔhɔ-tɔ ~ xɔ-tɔhɔ-ˈtɔ
tired *hɔnuC-se̝C hɜˈnɯtɪʔ hɔnuti-ti
right (side)*jVwiC-sɔC jəˈwi-tɔʔ jəˈwi-tɔʔ

Medial velar voiceless stop [*k] indicates a cluster /*Cx/ (cf. Becking River /*mopka/, /*pepka/):

Dawi River KomyandaretTsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*-Cx- k k
younger brother*maCxa -ˈmɑkɑ -maˈka -ˈmɑkɑ
new *ɸaCxa ˈɸæːkæ
*-C-x- k k
long *se̝jɔC-xijasɨˈjɜ-kɨjɑ sɨjɔ-ˈkijɑ

… /*Cd/ …:

Dawi RiverKomyandaretTsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*-C-d-d ʔd l
one*ɸaC-diC ˈɸæ-diʔ ɸaʔdi ɸæ-ˈliʔ

Vowels ….

High front vowel /*i/ …:

Dawi RiverKomyandaret Tsakwambo Tsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*i
drink *mi -min -miʔ
name *ɸi ɸiː ɸiː
mother *ni -ni -ni -ni
root *diC -diː
middle f./three*di(l) diːɾ- -di ~ dir-dil-
walk *sidɔ- sidɨ- siːˈdɔ-
sago *sijɔ sʲɔː ʃiɔ
star *minɔC miˈnɔʔ miˈnɔʔ
coconut *bijɔN bʲɔ̱ː ˈmbiɔ
lip(s) *bija bjæ bjɑː-ˈhɑ
egg *w[u]liN -ˈwuli wɨˈli
fly *be̝di- bɨdi- bɨli-
afraid *he̝li- hɨˈl̪i-de- hɨli-ˈdɛ-
fire *me̝liC məˈliʔ meˈli məˈliʔ
blood *se̝liC sɨˈliʔ sɜˈliʔ
nose *ge̝liC ɢəˈli gəˈli
right (side) *jVwiC-sɔCjəˈwi-tɔʔ jəˈwi-tɔʔ
die *xɔmi- əˈmi- hɔmi- hɔˈmi-
tooth *hɔbiC hɜˈbiː hɔˈbi
mosquito *hɔmbinɔC hɨmbiˈnoʔ hɔmbiˈnɔ
hold *aC-siN ʔætiː- æti
thorn *ajiN ˈʔæji ˈʔɑj
come *ɸadi- ɸæːdi ɸadi- ɸædi
bow *baji ɓɨˈi bɨːj
taro *xaji ˈʔæji hɜːj
mountain *ɸaniC ˈɸæniʔ ɸæˈniʔ
one *ɸaC-diC ˈɸæ-diʔ ɸaʔdi ɸæ-ˈliʔ
big *baliN mbæˈl̪iŋ-giˈɑ bæˈliŋ-giʝæ
cuscus sp. *saxiC sæˈʕi
cassowary *haniC hæˈniʔ ˈhəːniʔ
man *wawiC wɑˈβiʔ wæˈwiʔ
bandicoot *jami[C] jæˈmiː

High back vowel /*u/ …:

Dawi RiverKomyandaret TsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*u
old *mu mɯː-
in front *mu mɯ- mɯ-
interrogative*-bu -bɯ -bɯ
netbag *duN
cuscus sp. *ɸuwɔN βuˈɔ̃
smoke *se̝mu -ˈtəmɯ -ˈtɤmu
night *dɔbu -dəˈbɯ dɔˈbu
sago tree *xɔlu ɢɔˈlɯ hoˈlu
foot/leg *xɔbu ʔəˈbɯ hɔˈbu
ant *mɔmuC mɜˈmuʔ
village *bɔluC mbɔˈlɯ ~ ɓɔˈlɯ bɔˈlɯʔ
tree *dɔlu[C] ndɔˈluh ~ ndolu- dɔly dɔːˈlɯ
knife *xɔmbuC -ˈχɔmbɯ hɔmˈbuʔ
cough *xɔnuN hɨˈnɯ hɔːnu-
there *xɔluC ʔoˈl̪u- ~ ʔɔˈluː-
tired *hɔnuC hɜˈnɯtɪʔ hɔnuti-ti
son *abu -aˈbɯ -aby
sand *ambu 'ʔæmbɯ æmˈbu
older sister *awu -ɑ'ɥɯ -aw -ɑˈu
bathe *alu- ʔæːlɯ- ʔælɯ-
swim *dadu- dædɯː- ˈdædɯ
tie *jamu- jæmiː- ˈjæmɯ
hot *mamuN mɑˈmɯ ˈmæmɯ
ant sp. *m[a]muC mɜˈmuʔ
mud *baluN mbæˈlu
wet *saxuC ˈsʕɑɯ-ti- ˈsɑʕu-ti-
bad *sal[u]C sɑˈlɯ-tə-
red *xawuN χɜɯn-dɯbo hɑᵘŋ-ˈgijɑ
knee *gabuN gæˈɓu gɑːˈbuŋ-
dig *jaxuN- jæɯ- ˈjæʔɯ
search *xawumɔ- χɑɯmɔ- ˈhɑumɔ-

High mid front vowel /*e̝/ …:

Dawi RiverKomyandaretTsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*e̝
eat *le̝- ʔæːl̪eː- liʲ-
hand/arm *me̝C miʔ miʔ
rain (v.) *ɸe̝N- ɸem- ɸi-
leaf *be̝C -ɓiː -biʔ
cloud/sky *de̝C diʔ
bird *de̝C d̪iː ndej
tongue *he̝C hɜj hɜʝʔ
roof *he̝C hɜʔ
ant sp. *se̝be̝ tsɛˈbɛ
scratch *he̝nde̝ ˈħindi
woman *ne̝ŋg[ei]nəɴɢɨj nɛːˈɴɢej
banana *de̝jɔC dɨˈjɔː d̪eˈʝɔ
yellow *se̝jɔN sɛːn-dɛˈbɔ ʃiɔŋ-giˈjɑ
long *se̝jɔC sɨˈjɜ-kɨjɑ sɨjɔ-ˈkijɑ
friend *ne̝ne̝xɔ nɔˈnɔᵘ nɛˈnɛh
wake up *se̝ba- sebæ- sebæ-
dog *me̝jaN mʲæː mjæː
what? *he̝ŋga- ˈhɨŋgæ- həŋˈgæ-
behind *mɔxɔme̝ mɔxɔmɛ-ˈnɑ mɔˈhɔmi
two *mɔmɔne̝C mɔːmɨˈnɛ mɔːmɔni mɔməˈniʔ
give *ɸVle̝- ɸɔˈl̪ɛ- -ɸæˈlɛ
older brother *awe̝ -ɑˈɥe -awi -æˈɥi
1 sg./pl. perf.*-ba-le̝ -ba-li
hear/know *daje̝- dɜje- dɨj-
far *-sale̝ sæmɔ-ˈtælɛ sɑmɔ-ˈtɑli
tail *xande̝C ʔɛnˈdiʔ hɜnˈdiʔ
see *jaxale̝- jæl̪ɨ- jæʕæli-
head *xabe̝jaN ʔæˈbjæ habja hɑbiˈɑ

When /*e/ is followed by a high vowel /*i *u/ in a following stressed syllable …:

Dawi River Komyandaret TsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*e̝/_Cie̝ [ɨ ə ɜ] e̝ [ɨ ə ɜ]
fly *be̝di- bɨdi- bɨli-
afraid*he̝li- hɨˈl̪i-de- hɨli-ˈdɛ-
fire *me̝liC məˈliʔ meˈli məˈliʔ
blood *se̝liC sɨˈliʔ sɜˈliʔ
nose *ge̝liC ɢəˈli gəˈli
*e̝/_Cu
smoke *se̝mu -ˈtəmɯ -ˈtɤmu

High mid back vowel /*o̝/ …:

Dawi RiverKomyandaret Tsakwambo Tsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*o̝
father's sister*mo̝[C] -mu
hair/feather *ɸo̝C ɸuʔ ~ ɸu ɸuʔ
wind/sky *ɸo̝C ɸuː ɸu ɸɔˈβu ~ ɸu-
1 sg. *no̝C nɔˈnu nu nuːʔ
penis *d[o̝]l- dɜᵘlʲ- dul-
sun *so̝C tsuː suʔ
sky/cloud *x[o̝]C -ʔoᵘ
louse *go̝C guː guː
2 sg. *go̝C gɔguˈʔɜ gu guʔ
husband *jo̝N juɴ gɔ-ˈju
3 sg. *jo̝C jɜ- ju jʊʔ
blow *ɸo̝mɔ- ˈɸuːmɔ
elbow/eight *bɔŋgo̝C bɔŋgu ~-ˈɓuŋgubɔŋgu bɔŋgu ~-buŋgu
belly *xɔndo̝[C]ʔɔnˈdu hɑndu-
brother-in-law *nabo̝[C] nabu
1 pl. *naxo̝C nˁɑu nau ~ nahunɑˈwuʔ
upper arm/nine *sabo̝[C] ʔtsɑbu- sabu sæbu-
clan *xaC-so̝N -xatu
2 pl. *gaxo̝C gɑˈguʔ gau gɑuʔ
3 pl. *jaxo̝C jau jɑuʔ

Low mid back vowel /*ɔ/ …:

Dawi RiverKomyandaret Tsakwambo Tsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
2/3 sg. perf. *-bɔ -bɔ -bɔ -bɔ
focus *-tɔ -tɔ
burn (intr.) *dɔ- -dɔː- -doː-
excrement *wɔ wɔː
mother's br. *mɔN
flesh *nɔC nɔʔ
forest *sɔC sɔʔ
pig *gɔC gʷɔ gɔː
house *wɔC wɔ- wɔʔ
seed *jɔC -jɔ -jɔ jɔː ~ -jɔ
fish *ndɔwɔ ndɔˈwɔ ˈndɔwɔ
bone *xɔlɔ ʔɔˈl̪wɔ hɔlɔ hɔˈlɔ
tall *ŋgɔlɔ ˈŋgɾɔ-dʒɑ
younger sister*mɔdɔC -ˈmɔdɔʔ -mɔdɔ -mɔˈdɔʔ
eye *ɸɔ-jɔC ɸɔ-ˈjɔ ɸɔ-ˈjɔ
index f./four *nɔndɔ nɔnˈdoː- nɔndɔ nɔnˈdɔ-
ear *xɔC-sɔC ʔɔ-ˈtɔ ~ ʔɔ-ˈtɔʔhɔ-tɔ ~ xɔ-tɔhɔ-ˈtɔ
jaw *bɔN-xɔlɔ bɔŋ-gɔˈlɔ
elbow/eight *bɔŋgo̝C bɔŋgu ~-ˈɓuŋgu bɔŋgu bɔŋgu ~-buŋgu
belly *xɔndo̝[C]ʔɔnˈdu hɑndu- (?)
walk *sidɔ- sidɨ- siːˈdɔ-
sago *sijɔ sʲɔː ʃiɔ
star *minɔC miˈnɔʔ miˈnɔʔ
coconut *bijɔN bʲɔ̱ː ˈmbiɔ
yellow *se̝jɔN sɛːn-dɛˈbɔ ʃiɔŋ-giˈjɑ
long *se̝jɔC sɨˈjɜ-kɨjɑ sɨjɔ-ˈkijɑ
cuscus sp. *ɸuwɔN βuˈɔ̃
search *xawumɔ- χɑɯmɔ- ˈhɑumɔ-
banana *de̝jɔC dɨˈjɔː d̪eˈʝɔ
friend *ne̝ne̝xɔ nɔˈnɔᵘ nɛˈnɛh
blow *ɸo̝mɔ- ˈɸuːmɔ
ashes *anɔN ʔæˈnɔh ʔæˈnɔ
snake *anɔC æˈnɔʔ æˈnɔ æˈnɔʔ
number *-anɔC -ænɔʔ ~ -ɑnɔʔ -anɔ -ænɔʔ ~ -ɑnɔʔ
split (wood) *bamɔ- bæmɔ-
blunt/dull *b[a]ŋgɔ mbɔŋgɔ-
leech *sajɔ sɨˈjɔ
arrow *xajɔ ʔæˈjɔː hɑⁱˈjɔ
white *xajɔ χæjɔ-χɨˈjɑ
moon *waxo ˈwɑɔh ɥœ
thumb/five *wajɔ wæj- wajɔ wæj-
weep/cry *jamɔ- jæmɔː- jæmɔ-
bamboo *damɔC ndɑˈmɔʔ ɖɑˈmoʔ
bunch/packet *samɔN -ˈsɑmɔ
far *samɔC sæmɔ-ˈtælɛ sɑmɔ-ˈtɑli
forearm/seven *sawɔ(l) sæwɔl̪-ænɔʔ sabɔ sæˈbɔl-ænɔʔ
mouth *xalɔC hɑlɔ-ˈtɔʔ
person *janɔC jæˈnɔʔ jæˈnɔʔ
breadfruit *jawɔC jaˈwɔʔ jaˈwɔʔ
wash *axamɔ- ʔaːmɔː- æˈʕæmɔ

When /*ɔ/ is followed by a high or mid high front vowel /*i *e̝/ or diphthong /*aⁱ/ in a following stressed syllable …:

Dawi RiverKomyandaret TsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*ɔ/_Ciɔ [ɨ ə ɜ]ɔ ɔ
die *xɔmi- əˈmi- hɔmi- hɔˈmi-
tooth *hɔbiC hɜˈbiː hɔˈbi
mosquito *hɔmbinɔC hɨmbiˈnoʔ hɔmbiˈnɔ
*ɔ/_e̝
behind *mɔxɔme̝ mɔxɔmɛ-ˈnɑ mɔˈhɔmi
two *mɔmɔne̝C mɔːmɨˈnɛ mɔːmɔni mɔməˈniʔ
*ɔ/_aⁱ
crocodile*sɔmaⁱC sɨˈmɯij sɔˈmɜj

When /*ɔ/ is followed by high back /*u/ …:

Dawi RiverKomyandaret TsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*ɔ/_Cuɔ [ɔ o ɨ ə ɜ] ɔ [ɔ ɜ]
night *dɔbu -dəˈbɯ dɔˈbu
foot/leg *xɔbu ʔəˈbɯ hɔˈbu
sago tree*xɔlu ɢɔˈlɯ hoˈlu
ant *mɔmuC mɜˈmuʔ
village *bɔluC mbɔˈlɯ ~ ɓɔˈlɯ bɔˈlɯʔ
tree *dɔlu[C] ndɔˈluh ~ ndolu- dɔly dɔːˈlɯ
knife *xɔmbuC -ˈχɔmbɯ hɔmˈbuʔ
cough *xɔnuN hɨˈnɯ hɔːnu-
there *xɔluC ʔoˈl̪u- ~ ʔɔˈluː-
tired *hɔnuC hɜˈnɯtɪʔ hɔnuti-ti

Low central vowel /*a/ is typically but not always fronted to low front [æ]:

Dawi RiverKomyandaret Tsakwambo Tsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*a
breast *aN ʔæː æ ʔæ
water *aC ʔɑ ~ ʔæ ~ -ɜʔ ʔæʔ ~ -ɑʔ
not *-[n]da -dæ -nda -dæ
cross-child *ha- -ha-
daughter *la -la
lie down *ja- jæ- jæ-
who? *ja- ˈjæ- -jæ-
grandmother *maC -mɑ -ma -mæ
new *ɸaC ɸæʔ-mɔˈneʔ ˈɸæːkæ
father *mbaC mbɑʔ mba mbɑʔ
rattan/rope *naN næː ~ nɑː
skin/bark *xaC χæ ~ -hæ ha
younger brother*maCxa -ˈmɑkɑ -maˈka -ˈmɑkɑ
rat *jaba jeˈbɑ jæˈbæ
fingernail *handaC -ˈændæ hɑˈndɑʔ
left *waxaN-sɔCˈwɑːn-dɔʔ wæˈʔæn-dɔʔ
earth/ground *walaC wəl̪ɑ ~ wɔˈlɑwala wɑˈlɑ
pinkie *haŋgalaC hæŋgɑˈɾɑ hɛŋgəla hæŋgɑlɑ-
hold *aC-siN ʔætiː- æti
thorn *ajiN ˈʔæji ˈʔɑj
come *ɸadi- ɸæːdi ɸadi- ɸædi
bow *baji ɓɨˈi bɨːj
taro *xaji ˈʔæji hɜːj
bamboo knife *wax[i] wɑˈɑ̱e-
mountain *ɸaniC ˈɸæniʔ ɸæˈniʔ
one *ɸaC-diC ˈɸæ-diʔ ɸaʔdi ɸæ-ˈliʔ
big *baliN mbæˈl̪iŋ-giˈɑ bæˈliŋ-giʝæ
cuscus sp. *saxiC sæˈʕi
cassowary *haniC hæˈniʔ ˈhəːniʔ
man *wawiC wɑˈβiʔ wæˈwiʔ
bandicoot *jami[C] jæˈmiː
son *abu -aˈbɯ -aby
sand *ambu ˈʔæmbɯ æmˈbu
older sister *awu -ɑˈɥɯ -aw -ɑˈu
bathe *alu- ʔæːlɯ- ʔælɯ-
swim *dadu- dædɯː- 'dædɯ
tie *jamu- jæmiː- ˈjæmɯ
hot *mamuN mɑˈmɯ ˈmæmɯ
ant sp. *m[a]muC mɜˈmuʔ
mud *baluN mbæˈlu
wet *saxuC ˈsʕɑɯ-ti- ˈsɑʕu-ti-
bad *sal[u]C sɑˈlɯ-tə-
red *xawuN χɜɯn-dɯbo hɑᵘŋ-ˈgijɑ
knee *gabuN gæˈɓu gɑːˈbuŋ-
dig *jaxuN- jæɯ- ˈjæʔɯ
search *xawumɔ- χɑɯmɔ- ˈhɑumɔ-
older brother *awe̝ -ɑˈɥe -awi -æˈɥi
1 sg./pl. perf.*-ba-le̝ -ba-li
hear/know *daje̝- dɜje- dɨj-
tail *xande̝C ʔɛnˈdiʔ hɜnˈdiʔ
see *jaxale̝- jæl̪ɨ- jæʕæli-
head *xabe̝jaN ʔæˈbjæ habja hɑbiˈɑ
brother-in-law *nabo̝[C] nabu
1 pl. *naxo̝C nˁɑu nau ~ nahunɑˈwuʔ
upper arm/nine *sabo̝[C] ʔtsɑbu- sabu sæbu-
clan *xaC-so̝N -xatu
2 pl. *gaxo̝C gɑˈguʔ gau gɑuʔ
3 pl. *jaxo̝C jau jɑuʔ
ashes *anɔN ʔæˈnɔh ʔæˈnɔ
snake *anɔC æˈnɔʔ æˈnɔ æˈnɔʔ
number *-anɔC -ænɔʔ ~ -ɑnɔʔ-anɔ -ænɔʔ ~ -ɑnɔʔ
split (wood) *bamɔ- bæmɔ-
leech *sajɔ sɨˈjɔ
arrow *xajɔ ʔæˈjɔː hɑⁱˈjɔ
white *xajɔ χæjɔ-χɨˈjɑ
moon *waxɔ ˈwɑɔh ɥœ
thumb/five *wajɔ wæj- wajɔ wæj-
weep/cry *jamɔ- jæmɔː- jæmɔ-
bamboo *damɔC ndɑˈmɔʔ ɖɑˈmoʔ
bunch/packet *samɔN -ˈsɑmɔ
far *samɔC sæmɔ-ˈtælɛ sɑmɔ-ˈtɑli
forearm/seven *sawɔ(l) sæwɔl̪-ænɔʔ sabɔ sæˈbɔl-ænɔʔ
mouth *xalɔC hɑlɔ-ˈtɔʔ
person *janɔC jæˈnɔʔ jæˈnɔʔ
breadfruit *jawɔC jaˈwɔʔ jaˈwɔʔ
wash *axamɔ- ʔaːmɔː- æˈʕæmɔ
lip(s) *bija bjæ bjɑː-ˈhɑ
stand *s[i]ja- sɨˈæ- siˈjæ-
wake up *se̝ba- sebæ- sebæ-
dog *me̝jaN mʲæː mjæː
what? *he̝ŋga- ˈhɨŋgæ- həŋˈgæ-

….

…:

Dawi RiverKomyandaretTsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*…
*…

… /*aⁱ/ …:

Dawi RiverKomyandaretTsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*aⁱ
near *haⁱN-sɔC hɨn-ˈdɔ hʌjn-ˈdɔʔ
crocodile*sɔmaⁱC sɨˈmɯij sɔˈmɜj

…:

Dawi RiverKomyandaretTsakwamboTsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
*…
*…

Pronouns

[under construction]

Dawi River free pronouns are reconstructed as follows, with attestations drawn from Hughes 2009: 28-29) and de Vries (2012: 173-174, 184-185 after Baas 1981):

Dawi RiverKomyandaretTsakwambo Tsaukambo
Hughes Baas Hughes
1 sg.*no̝C nɔˈnu nu nuːʔ
2 sg.*go̝C gɔguˈʔɜ gu guʔ
3 sg.*jo̝C jɜˈkɑbɯ ju, kabu jʊʔ
1 pl.*naxo̝C nˁɑu nau ~ nahu nɑˈwuʔ
2 pl.*gaxo̝C gɑˈguʔ gau gɑuʔ
3 pl.*jaxo̝C ˈkəjæˌnɔʔ jau, kajanojɑuʔ

Verbal morphology

[under construction]